1. Topics

Expatriation/repatriation/deportation

From 1943 to 1946, over 20,000 Japanese Americans applied to leave the United States for Japan in a process called "repatriation" (for Issei as non-citizens) or "expatriation" (for Nisei as citizens). Some Issei considered repatriation preferable to remaining in a country that had long discriminated against them. For Nisei, who had rarely been to Japan, expatriation meant renouncing their U.S. citizenship. Some were pressured to do so by family members or extremists; others were bitter about their mistreatment by the government. In total, only 4,724 ended up leaving for Japan directly from the camps and many eventually returned to the U.S. Nearly all Nisei who wanted to were able to regain their citizenship, although the process was long and difficult.

World War II (283)
Resistance and dissidence (97)
Expatriation/repatriation/deportation (253)

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253 items
The Newell Star, Vol. I, No. 5 (April 6, 1944) (ddr-densho-284-10)
doc The Newell Star, Vol. I, No. 5 (April 6, 1944) (ddr-densho-284-10)
Selected article titles: "Sentence Nine Draft Evaders" (p. 1), "Duplicate Forms Needed for Repatriation-Records" (p. 1), "Personnel Mess Fire Caused by Overheating" (p. 2), and "Groundwork Laid for Tule Lake Baseball Association" (p. 6).
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-284-10/
List of individuals identified for repatriation (ddr-densho-329-1100)
doc List of individuals identified for repatriation (ddr-densho-329-1100)
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-329-1100/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-280)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-280)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-280/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-281)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-281)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-281/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-277)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-277)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-277/
Relocating a People (ddr-densho-356-1012)
doc Relocating a People (ddr-densho-356-1012)
Brochure encouraging employers to hire Japanese Americans held in WRA camps.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-1012/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-282)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-282)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-282/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-278)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-278)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-278/
Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-279)
img Japanese repatriates leaving for Japan (ddr-densho-37-279)
Original WRA caption: "Japanese repatriates embarking for Japan." Although the WRA caption specifically refers to repatriates, many Japanese Americans who left were citizens of the United States and therefore, expatriates.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-37-279/
Relocation of Japanese-Americans (ddr-densho-356-847)
doc Relocation of Japanese-Americans (ddr-densho-356-847)
Pamphlet produced by the War Relocation Authority describing the forced removal of Japanese Americans from the West Coast, conditions in camp, and the WRA's role.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-847/
Pertinent Facts About Relocation Centers and Japanese-Americans (ddr-densho-356-1013)
doc Pertinent Facts About Relocation Centers and Japanese-Americans (ddr-densho-356-1013)
Brochure of random facts about Japanese-Americans produced by the War Relocation Authority.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-1013/
Notice and General Instructions to Japanese Seeking Repatriation (ddr-densho-356-976)
doc Notice and General Instructions to Japanese Seeking Repatriation (ddr-densho-356-976)
Information from the Western Defense Command and the Wartime Civil Control Administration on how to apply for repatriation to Japan.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-976/
Yuriko Domoto's Memorandum of Understanding (ddr-densho-356-822)
doc Yuriko Domoto's Memorandum of Understanding (ddr-densho-356-822)
Yuriko Domoto Tsukada's memorandum of understanding requesting permanent leave from Amache.
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-822/
Sumiko M. Yamamoto Interview Segment 26 (ddr-densho-1000-269-26)
vh Sumiko M. Yamamoto Interview Segment 26 (ddr-densho-1000-269-26)
Released from job in Japan due to expatriate status
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-269-26/
Sumiko M. Yamamoto Interview Segment 22 (ddr-densho-1000-269-22)
vh Sumiko M. Yamamoto Interview Segment 22 (ddr-densho-1000-269-22)
Arrival in Japan: Issei parents still thought Japan had won the war
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-269-22/
Gene Akutsu Segment 35 (ddr-densho-1000-1-35)
vh Gene Akutsu Segment 35 (ddr-densho-1000-1-35)
Deciding between being considered a "repatriate" or an "expatriate"
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-1-35/
Tetsujiro
vh Tetsujiro "Tex" Nakamura Interview Segment 6 (ddr-densho-1000-263-6)
Making the decision to help renunciants regain their U.S. citizenship

This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-263-6/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 35 (ddr-densho-1000-164-35)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 35 (ddr-densho-1000-164-35)
Father arrested by the FBI and removed from Tule Lake along with sixty-nine others
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-35/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 34 (ddr-densho-1000-164-34)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 34 (ddr-densho-1000-164-34)
Observing changes in the pro-Japan organizations during the institution of the renunciation program
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-34/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 44 (ddr-densho-1000-164-44)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 44 (ddr-densho-1000-164-44)
Life in Japan, postwar: working for a land reclamation project, then finding a job with a Japanese construction company as an interpreter
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-44/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 43 (ddr-densho-1000-164-43)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 43 (ddr-densho-1000-164-43)
Initial experiences in Japan: freezing cold, living on army surplus rations
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-43/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 40 (ddr-densho-1000-164-40)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 40 (ddr-densho-1000-164-40)
An emotional reunion with father on ship bound for Japan
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-40/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 23 (ddr-densho-1000-164-23)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 23 (ddr-densho-1000-164-23)
Father decides to volunteer to go to Japan, wife and children insist on accompanying him
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-23/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 37 (ddr-densho-1000-164-37)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 37 (ddr-densho-1000-164-37)
Witnessing the frenzy of people applying to renounce their U.S. citizenship
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-37/
Tom Akashi Interview Segment 38 (ddr-densho-1000-164-38)
vh Tom Akashi Interview Segment 38 (ddr-densho-1000-164-38)
Mother communicates via coded letters to try to discover father's whereabouts after his removal from Tule Lake
https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-164-38/
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