Expatriation/repatriation/deportation

From 1943 to 1946, over 20,000 Japanese Americans applied to leave the United States for Japan in a process called "repatriation" (for Issei as non-citizens) or "expatriation" (for Nisei as citizens). Some Issei considered repatriation preferable to remaining in a country that had long discriminated against them. For Nisei, who had rarely been to Japan, expatriation meant renouncing their U.S. citizenship. Some were pressured to do so by family members or extremists; others were bitter about their mistreatment by the government. In total, only 4,724 ended up leaving for Japan directly from the camps and many eventually returned to the U.S. Nearly all Nisei who wanted to were able to regain their citizenship, although the process was long and difficult.

World War II (231)
Resistance and dissidence (84)
Expatriation/repatriation/deportation (217)

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217 items

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 3 No. 6 (January 19, 1949) (ddr-densho-229-173)

"Bias Noted in Jobs For Minorities" (p. 1), "Crematory Aide, After Reading Word from Gen. Clark, OK's Burial of Nisei" (p. 1), "Challenge Right of U.S. Ouster" (p. 1), "Additional Claim Queries, Replies" (p. 2).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-173/

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 2 No. 77 (September 15, 1948) (ddr-densho-229-139)

"Public Law 863 Helps Aliens to Change Residence Status" (p. 1), "Nisei Firm Wins Coal Contracts" (p. 1), "Cpl. Kokubu of Oregon to be Buried at Arlington Cemetery Thursday" (p. 1).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-139/

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 4 No. 84 (October 21, 1950) (ddr-densho-229-250)

"McCarran Subversive Bill Hits Hard at Anyone Linked with Red Units" (p. 1), "Nisei Yanks Mistaken for Foe, ADC Says" (p. 1), ""Pix' Taken by F. Schmoe to be Shown" (p. 4).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-250/

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 1 No. 42 (June 17, 1947) (ddr-densho-229-30)

"House Immigration Unit Favors H.R. 3566, JACL-ADC Reports" (p. 1) "54 Nisei Leave for Alaska Canned Salmon Work" (p. 1), "Vote for Claims Board Measure, Rep. Twyman Tells Colleagues" (p. 1).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-30/

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 2 No. 30 (April 3, 1948) (ddr-densho-229-99)

"Canada Curbs on Japanese to Continue" (p. 1), "House Gets Few More Measures to Aid 3 Japanese Aliens" (p. 1), "Judd Urges Quick Amendment on Naturalization Bills" (p. 4).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-99/

doc The Northwest Times Vol. 1 No. 26 (April 8, 1947) (ddr-densho-229-12)

"Attend The Northwest Times Casaba Tourney April 11, 12 & 13" (p. 1), "Asks Masaoka to Give Data on Japanese" (p. 1), "House Body Postpones Hearings" (p. 1).

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-12/

doc Japan Choosy on Repatriating Internees in U.S. (May 29, 1944) (ddr-densho-56-1048)

The Seattle Daily Times, May 29, 1944, p. 5

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-1048/

doc 54 Disloyal Japs To Be Sent Home (August 25, 1943) (ddr-densho-56-962)

The Seattle Daily Times, August 25, 1943, p. 26

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-962/

doc 14 Seattleites Returning on Exchange Ship (August 19, 1942) (ddr-densho-56-835)

The Seattle Daily Times, August 19, 1942, p. 8

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-835/

doc Biddle Suggests Revocation Of Disloyal Japs' Citizenship (December 9, 1943) (ddr-densho-56-995)

The Seattle Daily Times, December 9, 1943, p. 1

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-995/

doc Jap Repatriate Rues His Choice (January 18, 1946) (ddr-densho-56-1153)

The Seattle Daily Times, January 18, 1946, p. 9

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-1153/

doc Elks Demand Deportation Of Disloyal Japs (February 21, 1944) (ddr-densho-56-1027)

The Seattle Daily Times, February 21, 1944, p. 8

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-1027/

doc Granger Urges Jap Deportation (November 16, 1943) (ddr-densho-56-985)

The Seattle Daily Times, November 16, 1943, p. 3

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-985/

doc Send Repatriated Japs Home -- Legion (November 7, 1942) (ddr-densho-56-857)

The Seattle Daily Times, November 7, 1942, p. 3

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-857/

doc Jap Repatriation Urged (December 19, 1943) (ddr-densho-56-1001)

The Seattle Daily Times, December 19, 1943, p. 13

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-1001/

doc Tokyo Holds Up Internees' Exchange Pending Probe of Jap Camps in U.S. Spanish to Investigate for Nippon. (December 13, 1943) (ddr-densho-56-996)

The Seattle Daily Times, December 13, 1943, p. 1

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-996/

doc Diary on daily life at Tule Lake Camp (ddr-csujad-2-61)

Diary of daily life at Tule Lake Camp for two days : March 9, 1944 and March 30, 1944. Diary in the form of interviews from anonymous Tule Lake incarcerees. Describes threat of violence from other incarcerees regarding food shortage, an art exhibit, repatriation, and the psychological impact of incarceration. See this object in the California …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-61/

doc Letter from S. [Koni] to Hon [F de Amat], November 13,1943 (ddr-csujad-2-4)

Letter from Shunichi K. to [F. de Amat] requesting status on his application to be repatriated to Japan with his wife. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0004

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-4/

doc Report on Jerome to Tule Lake transfer George Kuratomi (ddr-csujad-2-46)

Detailed informational report about George Kuratomi, an incarceree transfer to Tule Lake Camp from Jerome Camp due to questions about his loyalty to the United States and his activities within the Buddhist repatriate group at Jerome Camp. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0046

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-46/

doc [Significant factors in requests for repatriation and expatriation] (ddr-csujad-2-57)

Report on the influx of repatriation to Japan requests from Manzanar Incarceration Camp. Report describes camp life in Tule Lake compared to Manzanar, special concerns with Kibei and Issei individuals, the draft, and family dilemma related to repatriation. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0057

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-57/

doc [Internal security case report: disorderly conduct] (ddr-csujad-2-44)

Internal report describes Internal Security Officer Fenton Mahrt finding Masato Morinaga in a very intoxicated condition at the personnel garage. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0044

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-44/

doc [Some reactions to selective service: Tule Lake] (ddr-csujad-2-58)

Report on selective service reactions at Tule Lake Camp. Report discusses Japanese identity compared to American identity, especially for the Nisei, repatriation requests, and draft evasion. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0058

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-58/

doc Letter from Robert A. Allison, Project Director, Jerome Relocation Center, War Relocation Authority, February 22, 1944 (ddr-csujad-38-562)

A letter from Robert A. Allison, Project Director of the Jerome camp in Arkansas. It certifies that George Nobuo Naohara has made an application for repatriation/expatriation. It also states that WRA is not authorized to approve or disapprove his application. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: nao_05_13_014

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-38-562/

doc Letter from George Naohara to Juan G. de Molina, Minister Counselor in Charge of Japanese Interests, Spanish Embassy, 1944 (ddr-csujad-38-570)

A draft letter written by George Nobuo Naohara incarcerated in the Jerome camp in Arkansas. He writes to Spanish Embassy, Washington D.C., and expresses his intention to be expatriated to Japan where his parents reside. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: nao_05_13_023

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-38-570/

Indonesians leaving buses at the Southern Pacific depot in San Francisco, to board a train to take them to the immigration detention facility at Crystal City, Texas (ddr-csujad-27-6)

img Indonesians leaving buses at the Southern Pacific depot in San Francisco, to board a train to take them to the immigration detention facility at Crystal City, Texas (ddr-csujad-27-6)

Caption found with the image reads, "Showing Indonesians leaving buses, at Southern Pacific depot, San Francisco, to board railroad coaches waiting for them." This train was to take them to the immigration detention facility at Crystal City, Texas. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ind_01_01_008

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-6/