Expatriation/repatriation/deportation

From 1943 to 1946, over 20,000 Japanese Americans applied to leave the United States for Japan in a process called "repatriation" (for Issei as non-citizens) or "expatriation" (for Nisei as citizens). Some Issei considered repatriation preferable to remaining in a country that had long discriminated against them. For Nisei, who had rarely been to Japan, expatriation meant renouncing their U.S. citizenship. Some were pressured to do so by family members or extremists; others were bitter about their mistreatment by the government. In total, only 4,724 ended up leaving for Japan directly from the camps and many eventually returned to the U.S. Nearly all Nisei who wanted to were able to regain their citizenship, although the process was long and difficult.

World War II (231)
Resistance and dissidence (84)
Expatriation/repatriation/deportation (217)

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217 items

img The ship "Marine Lynx" in San Francisco Bay awaiting the arrival of more than 200 Indonesian seamen for deportation to Dutch East Indies (ddr-csujad-27-2)

Caption found with the image reads, "'Marine Lynx' resting peacefully at anchor in San Francisco Bay awaiting arrival of more than 200 Indonesian seamen, for deportation to Dutch East Indies. Most of them had been in custody at New York awaiting the sailing of some vessel from the West Coast. They had arrived in Atlantic Ports …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-2/

img Indonesian seamen at an immigration detention center in downtown San Francisco (ddr-csujad-27-3)

Caption found with the image reads, "Just before sailing time, the Immigration Service and the ship's captain were served with an order from the U.S. District Court to the effect that petition for a writ of habeas corpus had been filed on behalf of the Indonesians, claiming they would receive 'certain imprisonment and probable death' upon …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-3/

Indonesian men at the immigration detention facility in San Francisco waiting to be transported to the immigration detention facility in Crystal City, Texas (ddr-csujad-27-8)

img Indonesian men at the immigration detention facility in San Francisco waiting to be transported to the immigration detention facility in Crystal City, Texas (ddr-csujad-27-8)

Caption found with the image reads, "After several weeks of action in the U.S. District Court, and an appeal to the Circuit Court of Appeals and to the Supreme Court, an order was obtained for removal of the Indonesians from the immigration detention quarters, San Francisco, to the immigration Detention Facility at Crystal City, Texas. Here …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-8/

img Approximately 200 Indonesians in San Francisco being placed aboard the "Marine Lynx" for deportation to Batavia, Dutch East Indies (ddr-csujad-27-4)

Caption found with the image reads, "Approximately 200 Indonesians being placed aboard the "Marine Lynx" for deportation to Batavia, Dutch East Indies." The ship is anchored in the San Francisco Bay. This image shows men walking up a gangplank onto the boat. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ind_01_01_002

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-4/

img Sleeping quarters of Indonesians aboard the "Marine Lynx" (ddr-csujad-27-1)

Caption found with the image reads, "Sleeping quarters of Indonesians aboard the "Marine Lynx" with deportees standing beside bunks assigned to them." This is a group of approximately 200 Indonesian seamen who are being deported from San Francisco, California to Batavia, Dutch East Indies. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-1/

img Indonesians boarding a train in San Francisco for the immigration detention facility at Crystal City, Texas (ddr-csujad-27-7)

Caption found with the image reads, "Here are the Indonesians boarding the Southern Pacific train, San Francisco, bound for Crystal City, Texas." This image shows a line of men with suitcases waiting to get on the train. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ind_01_01_009

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-7/

img Indonesians boarding buses in San Francisco to be taken to a waiting train (ddr-csujad-27-9)

Caption found with the image reads, "Another view of Indonesians boarding buses at Immigration Station, San Francisco, to be taken to a waiting train." The train was to take them to the immigration detention facility at Crystal City, Texas. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ind_01_01_007

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-9/

img Indonesian deportees changing currency (ddr-csujad-27-5)

Caption found with the image reads, "Indonesian deportees having their United States money changed to currency they could use when they arrived 'home'." These Indonesian seamen were being deported by ship from San Francisco, California to Batavia, Dutch East Indies. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ind_01_01_003

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-27-5/

doc Translation of poster at Tule Lake Camp regarding repatriation and loyalty to Japan (ddr-csujad-2-43)

Translation of a poster within washrooms at the Tule Lake Incarceration Camp. Describes inadequate treatment of incarcerees compared to other camps, loyalty and repatriation to Japan, and the need to quell "disgraceful behavior" such as violence. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0043

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-43/

doc Letter from Michi Weglyn to Frank Chin, September 26, 1991 (ddr-csujad-24-104)

A letter from Michi Weglyn to Frank Chin about a woman named Kiyoko Mozaki who was teaching a class on Japanese Americans at a university in Koyoto, Japan. Weglyn states that Mozaki's father was incarcerated in the Tule Lake incarceration camp and later received a redress check. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese …

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-24-104/

doc Izumi Taniguchi interview (ddr-csujad-6-31)

Oral history interview with Izumi Taniguchi. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: SCRC_TANIGUCHI_IZUMI

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-6-31/

img Japanese Americans boarding ship (ddr-csujad-7-10)

Japanese Americans boarding ship to return to Japan, Seattle, Washington, November 24, 1945. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: HMLSC_JA_f10

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-7-10/

doc Kou Uyemaruko (ddr-csujad-8-81)

Oral history interview with Kou Uyemaruko [Ko Uemaruko]. Information on the oral history project is found in: csuf_stp_0012A; Glossary in: csuf_stp_0014. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: FCPL Uyemaruko, Kou

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-8-81/

av Oral history with Amy Uno Ishii (ddr-csujad-29-379)

An oral interview with Amy Uno Ishii, a Nisei woman. The interview was conducted for the Japanese American Oral History Project by California State University, Fullerton. Transcript is found in item: csufccop_jaoh_0938. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 1342.2_T01

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-379/

av Oral history with Setsuko Matsunaga Nishi (ddr-csujad-29-393)

An oral interview with Setsuko Matsunaga Nishi, incarceree at the Santa Anita detention facility. The interview was conducted for the Japanese American Oral History Project by California State University, Fullerton. Transcript is found in item: csufccop_jaoh_0966. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 3595.2_T01

https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-393/