[Photo caption]: Project Director Ralph P. Merritt takes time between office hours to catch up on correspondence with high government officials in his office located in the east wing of the administration building.

Mass evacuation program was conducted from early March, 1942 and led to the establishment of Manzanar as first of the 10 relocation centers.

The site chosen was on the grounds of an old abandoned apple orchard in Owens Valley on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada range, close to the famed peak of Whitney named after Josiah Dwight Whitney, pioneer chief of the California State Geological Survey. This region includes the highest and lowest points on the continent; Mt. Whitney with an elevation of 14,496 feet and Death Valley, about 100 miles southeast, 279 feet below sea level.

Locale of this project was the original hunting grounds of the Paiute and Shoshone Indian tribes and is steeped in legends and historic lores of many famous characters of early pioneer days. John C. Fremont, Jededia Smith, and Joseph P. Walker all passed through this part in the middle of the 19th century.

Eleven miles to the south is Lone Pine, deriving its name from a towering black pine tree which stood on the mesa a short way from Lone Pine Creek. Near the town, at the base of Mt. Whitney, rise the Alabama Hills, named after the confederate naval raider of the Civil War. Said to be among the oldest rock formations on this continent, the hills, with their clefts and pinnacles, offered almost impenetrable hiding places for the hostile Indians menacing the early settlers.

Six miles north of Manzanar lies the town of Independence, county seat of Inyo county. It was founded during the Civil War as a base camp for a cavalry regiment fighting the Paiutes on warpath.

The heights on the eastern flank of the 12-mile wide valley are almost as lofty as the Sierra Nevada. These are the White Mountains, to which the Indians gave the name Inyo which is applied to all this region, the significance being, as nearly as can be surmised, "the dwelling place of a great spirit."

Bordering the valley on the west looms the Sierra Nevada. Six years ago, under the same shadow of these mountains -- James Hilton's film epic, "Lost Horizon" was made. Then "Shangri-La" was imaginably depicted as a true Haven of Rest, set aside from the realistic world. Now the same location serves as a temporary home for over 8,738 west coast Japanese residents.

As we turn the pages of this Pictorial of Manzanar, we take pride in all that our community life has come to mean. In one year's time there have sprung into being farms and workshops, homes and schools, churches and gardens. Like the design woven into a beautiful cloth, all these had a part in creating this new home of the people of Manzanar from the raw lands of the desert.

But the triumph of Manzanar is not in the things that have been created, it is in the spirit of the people who have been tested by the winds of winter, by the heat of summer, by the loss of old homes and by the uncertainties of the future. The people who have met these tests and have conquered them are those who no longer have fear or uncertainty. They can always win any fight against adversity and uncertainty.

Manzanar has been a testing ground that has tried the hearts and minds of all its people. Those who have lost heart are now taking their places with a group that does not favor the American way of fighting on against hardships in the hope of a happier future. They are giving up and turning back to the land of their fathers.

But those who have met the test, who have won the fight to make a happier home here, are now ready to go on to permanent homes and to their full place in the American way of living.

When Manzanar is again a desert, it will be said that here people of Japanese ancestry proved their pioneering spirit and from here many thousands went out to join other pioneering people to build better homes and a stronger America.

RALPH P. MERRITT,
Project Director.

One of the important departments to the residents, the budget and finance division is responsible for taking care of all budgetary and fiscal matters, which include the cash allowances, and for figuring all monetary matters.

The budget and finance department takes care of bookkeeping and accounting, auditing, cost accounting, preparation of payrolls, and timekeeping. Approximately $105,000 is issued monthly to residents by this department.

Headed by R. C. Boczkiewicz, finance officer, the appointed personnel staff includes Joseph W. Carney, auditor, Margaret Leibovitz, audit clerk; Herbert E. Norton, cost accountant; Clyde R. Berriman, junior cost accountant; George R. Weber, fiscal accountant; Roland J. Sanger, junior fiscal accountant; and Illiene H. Hetzel, payroll clerk.

Located in the administration building, the office of Project Attorney, handles all legal matters for the center. Legal services for the administration are rendered by Project Attorney Robert B. Throckmorton whereas services for the evacuees are rendered by the Legal Aid Section under Director Henry Tsurutani.

Legal services performed for the administration include the furnishing of legal advice and services to the project director and his staff members.

Services rendered by the legal aid section include such matters as insurance, divorces, guardianship, law suits, leases, contracts, wills, powers of attorney, notarization, income tax and other legal documents.

Under the management of Project Attorney J. Benson Saks, who recently replaced Robert B. Throckmorton, the staff includes Director of Legal Aid Henry J. Tsurutani, Supervising Clerk Howard Yoshio Marumoto, and Chief Law Clerk Sumitaka Uchimura.

Launched as a reception center under Wartime Civilian Control Authority and headed by Clayton Triggs, the task of creating a center for 10,000 orphans of war, housing and feeding them was handed to Roy Nash and the War Relocation Authority in June, 1942.

The fact that the center is functioning smoothly is a credit to the administrative staff and its sincere efforts to help the residents.

Ralph P. Merritt arrived last November to become the director.

Assisting Project Director Merritt, is Robert L. Brown, assistant project director, Edwin H. Hooper, senior administrative officer, and Mrs. Lucy Adams, assistant project director in charge of community management.

The Office of Reports functions as a two way information service. Supervising the work of the editorial staffs of the English and Japanese sections of the Manzanar Free Press is one of the tasks of this office. This office also channels information to the project administration and to the WRA headquarters through the weekly, monthly, and quarterly reports, plus literature of all types published by the various departments. The project administration and through it the WRA headquarters pass on instructions and policy statements to the people through the Reports Office.

A third but not by any means the least important function of this office exists. This departments acts as the public relations office for the project. In this phase of its task the office strives to maintain good relationships with the communities neighboring the project.

The following are the staff members: Assistant Project Director Robert L. Brown, interim reports officer; Roy M. Takeno, in charge of Office of Reports; Sue Kunitomi, managing editor of the Free Press; Ted Kukumoto, chairman of the Japanese section; Fumi Fukushima, mimeograph head; and Yuichi Hirata, manager of the business department.

With the lush foliage of Baird's Creek in the background and the wind blown summer clouds above, Alyce and Yuichi Hirata stand together on a bridge of logs. This area has been designated as an area for recreational use.

Impressions of Manzanar most likely to wander through our memories after this is all over:

The blue-purple haze veiled over the Inyo mountains moments before sunrise, eye-catching to those hardy few early risers -- . The hush of summer's eveningtide after the sun dips behind the Sierra; and the arched panoply of the rugged blue-black etched by the craggy mountain ranges against the sky, a veritable back drop for an impressionistic stage drama -- . The bracing effect of black coffee in No. 26 mess hall on a Sunday morning after a hilarious night before -- . Sudden murmuring and scuffing over the sand as people leave the open-air movie theater, scattering in all directions and raising a cloud of dust -- . Men, women and children lining up patiently to the grimly closed door of mess halls, minutes before meal time -- . The hourly change of classes in block 7, sending swarms of chattering and laughing pupils to their next class rooms -- . The chattering of elderly isseis as they reminisce over the carefree, robust, adventurous, early years in America -- .

Gateway to freedom: Police station where many time a week throngs of not-so-lucky residents bid "goodbyes" to enviably dressed-up evacuees -- . Reveille and taps sounding off regularly from the 319th M. P. post -- . The dry, musty air in a room in Block 16 during an "unusual" afternoon's dust storm -- . In bed after the storm, after the windows stop rattling, after the wind stops moaning, with the windows open and the cool night air softly billowing across your face -- .

[Photo caption]: The four persons who are closest to the work of the project director and who assist him in his task of coping with the many and varied problems of the evacuees are the pictured administrative staff. From left to right: Edwin C. Hooper, senior administrative officer; Robert L. Brown, assistant project director; Lucy Adams, assistant project director in charge of community management; and Robert Throckmorton, former project attorney, who since has been succeeded by J. Benson Saks. These are the persons through which most of the contacts of the evacuees with the project director are made. In the background is a wing of the air conditioned administration building in which among the many departmental offices are the offices of the administrative staff.

Standing on the vast whiteness leading to "Shangri-la" the hero gazed with infinite longing on the immense area where his heart would find the peace so intensely sought by men of all races. Somehow the towering peaks gave spiritual inspiration to a troubled heart.

This scene in the motion picture "Lost Horizon" produced a few years ago in the vicinity of Manzanar and beneath the lofty domes of the High Sierras, made a lasting impression on our memories and is stored away with hopes for a better world.

Amber-colored in the evening sunset, sparkling in the morning sunlight, the Sierra Nevada range was appropriately named the "Range of Light" by John Muir, early pioneer of nature. Here, isolated from the war-torn world through unprecedented circumstances, we live our daily lives.

With the inspiration gained by daily gazings at the granite highlands and ascending peaks, the adverse problems of a minority group seem to infinitesimal for comparison with the highest mountain, Mount Whitney.

WHEN THIS IS OVER

After all this is over, when Manzanar is nothing more than a dim memory. In the cycle of one's life, the High Sierras will be remembered with fond dreams and not with cynicism or bitterness.

Manzanar? The name itself bearing imprints of early Spanish settlers, conjures a sonorous and rolling sound. A veritable city epitomized by apple blossoms in spring and its fruit in autumn; product of gnarled trees which once formed a part of lush orchards and later withstood droughts which killed off the rest of the trees. A city situated in the rugged Owens Valley, bordered on three sides by mountain ranges -- the Inyo range to the east, Alabama Hills to the south and the ever-majestic Sierras to the west.

Manzanar is a city peopled mostly with evacuees from Southern California. The first assembly center to be erected by the Wartime Civil Control Administration it was adopted as the first project of the War Relocation Authority which subsequently sired nine other similar centers. Manzanar thus claims distinction of being the eldest in the WRA family of projects.

Having existed here for a year and more, the ordinary events familiar to any community of similar size have occurred; births, courtings, marriages and deaths, quarrels and reconciliations, doubts and confirmations.

But Manzanar is more than this. It represents a temporary but valid wartime way of life for nearly 8,500 men, women and children. If our way of life here is radically different from that prior to evacuation, so have the ways of lives of countless others all over America and the rest of the world been altered -- or totally destroyed.

Predominant theme of this pictorial edition of the Manzanar Free Press is the illustrative description of life in Manzanar through pictures and explanations.

The city of Manzanar sprang up almost overnight in the middle of a desert in the hour of pressing emergency and war borne confusion for the evacuees. Ten thousand people uprooted from their homes amid confusion frankly foresaw no release from uncertainties here. But lo, in the period of one year, visible signs of order pattern of community life emerged. But loads of evacuees moved in and occupied successive blocks of barracks completed figuratively moments before their arrival. Within a few weeks, the whole camp was occupied. Within the limits of facilities provided, an abbreviated home-like atmosphere was created. Sage-brushes were cleared away and lawns and trees were planted. Gardens sprang up. Children began to attend school. A myriad of social and athletic events occupied the attention of most residents after working hours.

Almost half of the populace, leaving the aged and the sick and the young, have found gainful work -- in the fields, in manual arts and offices; depending upon their talents. Yes, Manzanar has found its groove.

Until its overthrow by the Revolution, the French legislative body was known as the Estate General. This body was composed of representatives of the "Three Estates;" the first being the clergy, the second the nobility, and the third the common people.

At that time when journalism placed most of its emphasis on political discussions, the reporters of all the newspapers would jam the galleries of the English Parliament, and in their respective publications would propound their own views and ideas of the political developments.

Edmund Burke, the statesman-philosopher, is credited with having said in speaking of the Reporter's Gallery in the House of Commons, "Yonder sits the Fourth Estate; more important than all the others."

That oratory was meant to carry ridicule of the press but the Fourth Estate has risen in importance equal to the other three.

In editing and publishing this edition, the Free Press staff has received valuable cooperation and help from various individuals and organizations. We thank the following persons and groups for their unselfish assistance in making this pictorial issue a long remembered (we hope) edition of the Manaznar Free Press:

Todd Watkins and the Chalfant Press staff in Lone Pine. Bob Toyama for his cartoon cuts. Toyo Hiyatake and the Co-op Photo Shop. Kotobuki Oku, chief cook and the kitchen No. 1 crew. Consumer Enterprises staff. Gen Nakamura of Public Works for the use of his drawing board. Churches for the use of their pictures. Tamotsu Noda and Yukio Kozawa of the Motor Pool. George Ono of the garage. Jack Hirose for his lettering on the cover page. Town Hall, the block managers and assistants for taking subscriptions. Kameichi Kawakami, the Free Press building custodian. Francis Stewart for pictures. And to the residents for patiently (?) awaiting the arrival of this issue.

As the last rays of the setting sun cast a shadow on the high mountains, the many different hues on the tinted sky blend into the verdure of the green grass. The shadows get more dense as time draws on, and the faint whisper of the leaves in the trees aguments. But the leaves tell a different tale tonight. They relate the story, taciturn, and do not speak above a whisper.

However, what started out to be a tale, finally resulted in an open forum. The crickets voiced their opinions with chirps here and there. Although he was slightly late in appearing, Mr. Moon made his grand entrance. Occasionally, he nodded to his acquaintances and tried desperately to get a clear view through the intricate coiffure of Miss Cloud. But who is this person who has everyone in a turmoil? He starts out by shaking the main speaker, Mr. Tree, good and hard 'til he fails to utter another word. Then he lunges at the congregation of crickets, which were so happily chirping before, and makes them dash for the nearest shelter.

Tonight, as always, the villain dashes aimlessly through the trees, skies, mountains and the community. Will there ever be a really peaceful evening here in Manzanar without the discord of the wind howling? I doubt it.

Official Publication of the Manzanar Relocation Center Administration and Newspaper of Manzanar Cooperative Enterprises.

ROBERT L BROWN
Assistant Project Director, Reports Officer

EDITORIAL STAFF

Managing Editor Sue Kunitomi
Assistant Editor Reggie Shikami
Editor, Pictorial Edition Ray Hayashida
Editorial Staff: Dan Iwata, Mas Hama, Claire Seno, Yoshio Kustyanagi, Bo Sakaguchi, Cherry Yamaguchi, Yoshiaki Nakayama, Kishio Matoba, Alyce Hirata, Mary Aoki, Jim Yamaguchi, Masako Kimura, Roy Toda.

BUSINESS STAFF

Manager Yuichi Hirata
Staff: Ken Takemura, Dennis Shimizu

JAPANESE SECTION

Chairman Ted Fukumoto
Editorial Staff: Fujiwo Tanisaki, Kumao Shigematsu, Richard Hashimoto, Hisae Numasa, Takashi Kubota, Kakudo Ohashi

OFFICE OF REPORTS STAFF

Office Manager Kanichi Watanabe
Staff Members: Miyo Yamamoto, Shisuka Ishikawa, Tami Matsumoto, Michi Nakamura, Hideko Matsuno, Hideko Tokunaga, Kuniko Natsume, Fumiko Fukushima, Fumiko Nakano, Kiyoko Nomura, Yuriko Nishi, Nanaye Shintani, Amy Iwaki, Chiyoko Shiba, Natsuye Fujimoto, Marian Fujimoto, Noriyuki Kuroyama.

ROY M. TAKENO
In charge, Office of Reports

Published every Wednesday and Saturday and distributed without cost to every apartment. Subscription rates: 5 cents per copy; 45 cents per month; $4.75 per year; pictorial issue, 10 cents per copy, Editorial office, 1-1-2.

This pictorial edition, an ambitious and financially daring undertaking for our young staff, saw its first glimmering light back in March, shortly after publication of the first anniversary edition. Actually, the G. H. Q. for this edition was the office of the assistant project director. His basic plan was carried over to the Office of Reports where the editorial and business staffs carried out the idea. And lo, a pictorial edition is born after five long months of fretting and planning and working.

A ten-page edition was the original plan of the staff. With the improvement in the financial aspect of the publication and evidence of willingness on the part of the staff to work upon it, (hear! hear!) it was enlarged to a 12-page affair. Then the staff decided upon a 16-page edition. Finally, a 20-page pictorial was set as the goal. Lo and behold, that's what we present to the residents -- with small inclination toward hiding our pride in this job.

Grouped around Roy Takeno, in charge of Reports are a few members of the Manzanar Free Press editorial staff. Standing are: Bo Sakaguchi, Masako Kimura, Cherry Yamaguchi, and Ray Hayashida. Seated are: Reggie Shikami, Roy Takeno, Sue Kunitomi, and Dan Iwata.

[Photo caption]:Very popular toward the end of the month, the Fiscal Department handles the caucasian as well as the evacuee payrolls, clothing allowances, travel grants, and other financial matters. Mits Oto is receiving her long awaited pay check from Yone Mikuriya.

"Once a telephone operator, always a telephone operator." So Mrs. Mavis Hutchison described her work as supervisor of the switchboard.

Red haired and hazel eyed, this charming personality with a soft voice takes care of all calls in this center.

Employed since June, Mrs. Hutchison is one of the senior workers under WRA administration and has been a resident of Independence for 12 years.

The most tedious hours are during the graveyard shift when only a few calls are received, which are usually from the Police Department or the hospital.

People from all over the country call here. But most frequent are ones received from other relocation centers. To her, pronouncing the tongue-twisting Japanese names is not difficult because of her constant association with them.

Speaking of unsung heroes, there is a group of workers who have never been recognized as vitally important. The blackened garage mechanics in their very unpleasant work are seldom heard to grumble.

Keeping up with the trend of the warring world seems to be "right up their alley," as the mechanics, armed with a powerful grease gun, track down and destroy the common enemies of all motor cars: "Old Man Dust" and "Mr. Friction."

Then when the shooting ends, the grease monkeys jab bayonets into the oil in the crank case, checking the level of the protecting fluid. When necessary, they throw out old oil that has lost its lubricating quality and refill it again with that life sustaining mechanical "blood."

After this grueling battle with the foes of the automible, the car is withdrawn from the battlefield and checked out to the drivers.

Keeping up with the rest of the United States, Manzanar has its own Motor Pool headed by James L. Macnair. It transports men and materials as official duties demand, both inside and out of the center, so that all departments may operate with the greatest possible advantage.

At the present time its fleet of cars and trucks totals 136, and is kept in an enclosed parking lot located near the office at 2-15-6. From there they are dispatched by Chief Dispatcher Harry Oshio, and returned when their assignments are complete. Vehicles are assigned to department heads and requisitions are scrutenized by the motor pool supervisor who determines the legitimacy of the request and acts accordingly. A personnel of 62 is used to operate this department at present.

A system of records is kept to cover the movements of each vehicle. A cost accounting system apportions the use of vehicles to all departments.

Since an economic operational basis is essential, a garage headed by Frank Crilly has been erected in the vicinity of the warehouses to maintain and repair all motorized equipment.

Functions such as greasing, oiling, washing and tuning are a few of the jobs that the garage workers must execute to prevent breakdowns and costly repairs.

Services rendered by the Employment Department headed by Employment Officer Arthur Miller, consists of the usual duties performed by a public employment office of any community -- the placement of workers on all types of work in the center and the maintenance of accurate records and statistics for everyone in the center, as well as a complete set of employment records. The department occupies building 1-5 sharing the barrack with the Records division.

Placement section makes all work assignments, transfers, reclassifications, and terminations. Under the guidance of Junior Placement Officer Arthur Shiohama, Assistant George D. Tani, all applications for jobs, requests, and interviewing of workers are handled. They also conduct occupational counseling and vocational guidance to adjust workers to their jobs and to fit them for relocation employment. Minor labor troubles are usually handled in this office.

Employment records section, under the management of Mary Wada and Assistant Grace Maruki, maintains the official list of job classifications, definitions, ratings and applications for unemployment compensation. It also keeps an occupational file of all workers in primary and secondary occupations as established by the U.S. Department of Labor.

Official records, vital statistics, and pre-evacuation information of every person in Manzanar is accurately maintained by the records, registration, and statistical section located in the northern section of building 1-5 sharing it with the Employment Division. It also keeps an accurate record of all arrivals and departures, notifying Washington and various government authorities daily of all persons arriving and departing, including transfers to other centers, indefinite leaves, seasonal work, and short term seasonal work, and short term leaves. It keeps a current record of the population, which is submitted daily to the project director and to Washington. It provides the project director and the division heads with the requested information regarding any individual or family group.

Statistical studies, graphs, and charts are prepared for the project director and others who require them. Occupational coding is also done in this section as well as the interviewing and census taking of all new arrivals. Eight regular monthly, weekly, and daily reports are prepared for the project director, five of which are forwarded to Washington. The office is under the supervision of Kazuo Kay Kageyama with Assistant Daniel Aiso, and Chief Interviewer Emiko Hino.

The Evacuee Property Department, established early in March, 1943, to render aid to evacuees in connection with both real and personal properties which they owned prior to evacuation, has its main office in 1-15-5.

This office, headed by Earl W. Barton, evacuee property officer, has helped the evacuees in many and varied problems. Sales of farm machinery and automotive equipment have been made through this office. Assistance is also given in the collection of past-due rents, accounts and other obligations which evacuees have been unable to handle themselves.

This office is in close contact with the field offices located in Los Angeles, San Francisco and Seattle. When it is necessary to have property inspected or to contact people on the outside directly, the matter is turned over to them. It also handles evacuee property in private storage which the residents wish to have transferred to the project, and freight shipments to other projects and resettlement points from Manzanar.

Warehouse No. 23 is the receiving and delivering department, with warehouses No. 15, 16, 18 and 40 for storage.

General manager of the warehouse for evacuee properties is Roy Tashima with Assistant Kiichi Namba. Superintendent is Kiyoshi Sugimoto.

With the termination of the procurement office in San Francisco last October, responsibilities of procurement fell on the local office headed by B. O. Wilson. The purchasing of essential supplies for all departments and the execution of contracts for the camp are the two functions of this department. The two general terms regarding functions can be sub-divided into six units, namely submission of procurement, preparation of priorities estimates, maintenance of records of priorities and rationing, information regarding non-payment of accounts, personal contact with agencies accepting requisitions or purchase, orders from WRA, and advance estimates.

The personnel list is as follows: Senior Procurement Officer Burney Wilson, Assistant Procurement Officer Lee Poole, successor to Joseph Proff; Office Manager Kazuo Ohi, and Chief Clerk Bill Takenaka.

Responsible for all incoming and outgoing official mail, and keeping an accurate file on central communications, the Mails and Files section is headed by File Clerk Helena McConnell. Approximately 250 official letters daily from scattered points of the country, plus teletyped communications and telegrams are channeled and filed in this department.

The personnel is as follows: Chief File Clerk Helena McConnell, Junior Clerks Helen Scroggins and Laura Belle Moon, Typist Clerks Riyoko Nakamura, Grace Takahashi, and Chieko Shijo, and File and Typing Clerk Mary Enomoto.

Many regulations and restrictions were necessitated when the park area south of the center was opened to the public last May.

The mounted police was organized to govern the activities of the picnickers, and to enforce these regulations.

Center residents should observe closely the park rules or they will be penalized to the fullest extent of the law.

The cooperation shown in the observance of these regulations will keep the parks open.

Picking up stones and old pieces of brush from the promises of the administration buildings, Mr. Hidesuke Yamamoto has built a reputation well worth being proud of. Pebbles are diminishing by the gross daily. He now holds the name "Man In The Maroon Jacket" given to him by those working in the administration building.

A veteran Federal Civil Service administrative officer, Edwin H. Hooper holds one of the two or three key positions under the project director.

It is he who understands the orderly and precise but intricate Federal government procedures on purchases, forms and requisitions. Indeed, "requisition" might well be substituted for his initial "H." He knows practically all there is to know about this subject, really the red blood corpuscles which keep the project's administration offices alive.

A California-bred evacuee need not converse with him for long before putting his finger on his unerasable, inimitable soft drawl which can only come out of a southern state like Tennessee. In fact that is his home state. This, friends, is our senior administrative officer.

Photo caption: At one of their conferences, Manzanar Cooperative Enterprise board members go over their financial difficulties. Seated, left to right, are: S. Takeyasu, treasurer: L Kurahashi, assistant general manager: H. Okada, general manager and S. Sugimoto, comptroller.

Though in existence for little over a year, the Manzanar Cooperative Enterprises has grown to become a successful part of center life. With its objectives to supply members with goods and services of high quality at minimum cost and to establish methods of working together whereby people can solve their economic and social problems, the Co-op has knit life of the residents more closely together.

The Consumer Enterprises Division, under the WRA took over the first canteen when the Army Post Exchange withdrew. Under the supervision of Dr. William Bruce and associate, Lee C. Poole, the enterprise flourished. In September, 1942, it was formally turned over to the residents as an incorporated cooperative.

The cooperative has 7,145 paid members and is governed by a general congress and a board of directors. The management of the enterprises is entrusted to four persons selected by the board. These are: General Manager Hideo Okada; Assistant Manager F. K. Kurahashi; Treasurer Shigematsu Takeyasu, and Comptroller Sokichi Sugimoto.

The administrative staff of these four offices is composed of the following persons: M. Yashiki, head cashier; Hiro Ioki, chief accountant; Woodrow Wakatsuki, chief clerk; and Harvey Takeuchi, inventory clerk.

Operations of the Manzanar Cooperative Enterprises are divided into 14 departments in addition to the administrative staff. These are the warehouse section under the supervision of M. Ogi; canteen, M. Yoshii; general store, M. Hori; barber shop, M. Kamo; shoe repair shop, T. Shibata; beauty shop, Margaret Uyematsu; artificial flower shop and sporting goods, Min Watanabe; watch repair shop and laundry service, M. Seki; Photographic studio, Toyo Miyatake; moving pictures, S. Betsuin; and American Express Agency, Henry Kinoshita.

To be a salesgirl at the general store is not a very pleasant task for there are all kinds of people in this community; polite, rude, unfair and the downright ornery ones.

When salesgirls were asked about their customers, most of them agreed that they would like them to be more polite. They try to make the customer believe that he's always right but____! Ladies often forget they ever were ladies and push, grab, shove and turn the store into a bedlam when dress materials arrive. During a shoe rush before shoe ration tickets were needed, the customers would buy shoes only to bring them back because they had become mismated during the rush.

Now that shoe rationing has started, customers have become choosey. They want better shoes. Many customers buy shoes one week and the next week come in to exchange them because of some better shoes newly in stock.

By I. M. CORN

Shadow owes its birth to light as does the Cooperative Enterprises owe its birth to the people. And behind this so-called dignified counter (protection) standing nonchalantly, taking the brunt of "the customer is always right" attitude are the efficient staff workers.

They call Hiroye Terasawa the head cashier but instead of hearing the clatter of money around her, you hear nothing but the chatter.

Jimmy Masuda rests his eyes daily on that cigarette lassie, Ida Mori, while resting on the comfortable shoe department seats.

Who is that "giggling gigolo?" It's none other than Shigemi Shimba.

Men are interesting to wait on. That's what Sasuye Mosoi who works in the men's department thinks. Incidentally she is the possessor of a powerful right. For protection? Chester Ito has been rationing his smiles.

Orchids to Janice Ishizuki who has been working at the canteen since its birth at 1-9-4. It was at the time operated by the Fort Ord army personnel.

A certain fireman is overdoing his torch for Haruna Torii.

Buckeye Eddie Oda's girl has been courting him... (this modern age)...

Preparing for the torrid summer weather by purchasing a straw hat at the general store is Mrs. Helen Bano assisted by Salesgirl Yaeko Yamamoto. One of the fourteen branches of the Co-op, the store is located at 21-14.

[Photo caption]: Manager of Block 30, Chokichi Nakano is shown asking Project Director Ralph Merritt a pertinent question at a block managers' meeting held at Town Hall.

My name is 'Jo San' and I'm the assistant to the block manager. My job is interesting but sometimes it gets boring and dull.

It starts off with a general room cleaning of the office, and ends with a report to Town Hall on the daily happenings and complaints of the residents of our block. During the day I check out block equipment, try to give advice with the best of my ability to those with personal anxieties and worries, and also become a "quiz kid" in answering inqueries such as "Is Manzanar a permanent relocation center?" or "Got any new mop heads?" or "Where does so-and-so live?" etc. I pass out those inevitable T.P.'s, sell the morning papers and occasionally write a letter for the isseis. I also translate Japanese letters into English or vice-versa. A thrill I get is when I inform a resident that he drew the lucky number to buy that coveted Japanese goods. Time and time again I have to listen to Mrs. So-and-so complain about her neighbor staying up too late and making too much noise, etc.

Combination diplomats, census-takers, advisors, and complaint expediters are the 35 night-checkers of this community who each evening visit each apartment checking to see that all residents are accounted for. They gather complaints and suggestions from the people in their blocks.

Plumbing, housing, and roofing problems are sometimes brought to him so that he may have them repaired by various maintenance departments. Personal and domestic problems are sometimes brought to the night checker. When this happens, as one night-checker puts it, "It's a headache." Here he must employ all his skill as a diplomat, advising them and still trying to satisfy all parties concerned. One of the jobs being accomplished now is that of settling the movement of partitions in each barrack. This job requires tact on the part of the night-checkers.

Night-checkers also have served as a medium of getting news of block activities to the residents. In this way they help to bring about greater unity among the residents.

With Arthur H. Miller acting as their advisor, the block managers' assembly, which is an intermediary between the administration and the residents, officially formed on October 1, 1942.

Block managers' duties consist of promoting housing harmony and recreational activities, dispensing useful information, obtaining needed repairs, cooperating with other departments in maintaining law and order and other detailed duties.

Each manager is provided with an office and an assistant who acts as his information clerk and who is charged with the task of writing daily reports. These reports are assembled at Town Hall, digested by the Office of Reports, and sent to the project director, enabling him to direct administrative policies for the residents in the light of their suggestions, opinions and criticisms.

First row, left to right: Minoru Minami, (Blk. 22); Tatsuzo Makita, (Blk. 15); Ichiro Aramaki, (Blk. 12); Kazuo Shoji, (Blk. 29); Hakaru Sonoda, (Blk. 11); Yoshio Kubonaga, (Blk. 8). Second row, loft to right: Tokuichi Sakata, (Blk. 36): Chokichi Nakano, (Blk. 30); Eizo Masuyama, (Blk. 25); Harry Nakamura, (Blk. 10); Henry Nakamura, (Blk. 21); Chusaburo Yamada, (Blk. 13); Takashi Furuya, (Blk. 35); Kuranobu Ohono, (Blk. 27); Joe Shikami, (Blk. 17); Kanematsu Osawa. (Blk. 26). Third row, left to right: Tetsuo Tomonaga, (Blk. 2): Kaoru Takahashi, (Blk. 3); Robert Throckmorton, (Project Attorney); Takeji Higashi, (Blk. 4); Arao Hasegawa, (Blk. 32): Yukio Furuto, (Blk. 23); George Ikari, (Blk. 24); Hirokichi Sano, (Blk. 20); Shoichi Kume, (Blk. 18); Ted Igasaki, (Blk. 19); Yutaka Nakamura, (Blk. 5). Fourth row, loft to right: Keiko Kitahara, (Blk. 16); Ned Uematsu, (Blk. 9); Kay Hankawa, (Blk. 33); Pete Mitsui, (Coordinator Town Hall): Kiyoharu Anzai, (Chairman Block Managers' Assembly); Ralph P. Merritt, (Project Director); Mrs. Lucy Adams, (Community Service): Arthur Milier, (Employment Division); Takashi Kuse, (Blk. 31); Yoshifumi Sakuma, (Blk. 8); Francis Yonemitsu, (Blk. 34).

To a great many people who see the block manager or the assistant sitting in the block office, the impression is that theirs is a veritable dream job.

They do not see him performing any specific work, but his duties are numerous, ranging from that of an errand boy to counselor. At times, he is called in to settle family disputes.

Requests for repairs are brought to him. He is continually attending various Town Hall, Co-op Congress, and committee meetings. He figuratively is on duty 24 hours as it is not uncommon for him to be awakened at two or three in the morning by a request for an ambulance.

It is his responsibility to see that residents are informed of policies and instructions from the project director and likewise the administration staff is kept informed of the wants and views of the residents through him. It is this part of the cog in the wheel of the organization of the WRA project that unites the people with the administration and helps maintain harmony throughout the center. Yet, when residents see the block managers put up a notice or make a short announcement, they think, "What a dream job he has."

Block manager's job has an indefinite term. He remains on the job until he decides to resign, becomes unfit for the office, or because of an unforseen accident. His underlying qualification is that he be a clear and broadminded thinker and that he have sufficient personality and tact to get along with others.

Born in Japan in 1879, and completing his college education at Sendai, Japan, Kiyoharu Anzai, present block managers' assembly chairman, sailed for the United States as a student.

Entering the University of California at Berkeley in 1908, Mr. Anzai took a course in liberal arts. Afflicted with an illness, he moved to Los Angeles hoping to improve his health. After a year of rest, he partially regained his health and entered the University of Southern California to finish his study in philosophy and sociology.

He then moved to San Gabriel Valley where he opened an English language school for Japanese farmers. There he spent many years as a teacher, friend and servant of the Japanese community.

He evacuated to Manzanar on April 2 with the second family contingent and worked as a sanitary inspector until March 15, when he officially became block managers' assembly chairman.

Being the forerunner to the Block Offices these information offices were scattered throughout the camp during the early days of construction in Manzanar They have had to iron out difficulties brought about by the residents.

Serving as the "city hall" of the center, Town Hall is the connecting link between the administration and the residents. With Kiyoharu Anzai as chairman of the group, the block managers' assembly is comprised of the town hall staff and the respective block managers. The assembly convenes in town hall once a week to discuss problems confronting the people. At these meetings the managers receive first hand information from the various departments, and latest developments from Washington are also related to them by the project director. Afterward they return to their respective blocks and inform residents of the proceedings.

Town hall staff is the executive body of the assembly. The staff is composed of a coordinator, secretary, stenographer, senior clerk, and two messengers.

Coordinator Pete Mitsui, is in charge of town hall and acts as supervisor of the staff. He renders information concerning town hall and also answers all inquiries. He secures information desired by the block leaders and acts as their time keeper. He lists all social happenings in the center and keeps a record of all meetings.

Principal work of Senior Clerk Tsukasa Kamiya is to make the rounds of all the blocks every day to gather and distribute daily reports, memos and bulletins. He tabulates daily reports and keeps a daily record of blocks which send in reports. He also contacts various departments in regard to block problems and questions.

When special events or undertakings arise in the assembly, such as the opening of Manzanar Park, or the hospital appreciation party, the town hall staff is asked to shoulder much of the preparatory work. Although unheralded and working "quietly behind the scene," staff members delight in working to the best of their ability, inasmuch as they are working for the general welfare of the residents. Dick Izuno is executive secretary.

[Photo caption]: Ably executing the job as evacuee and caucasian Police Chiefs Tom Takeyama and John W. Gilkey have been working endlessly for the rehabilitation of the police force since the disastrous setback it fared during the riot of last year. Their motto is "Difficult we do immediately, and the impossible takes a little longer."

Manzanar's version of "Four Men on a Horse" can be seen in the vicinity of the picnic grounds south of the center. From 8:00 a.m. to sundown, or until all residents who went out to the picnic area return through the West Gate, these equestrians patrol the grounds, watching for park rule violators, checking the creek weirs, and on the lookout for fires.

Patrol Sergeant Joe Saiki heads the group of horsemen. The other officers who make up the squad are: Shinzaburo Abe, Jim Kuromiya, George Ono and George Fujimori.

And of course, under each patrolman is his mount. The horses, Bobby, Ginger, Slipper and Peter, are housed at the George's Creek stables on Reynolds Ranch.

Undertaking the task of maintaining law and order within the center, the Police Department was established in April, 1942, with an organized force of 115 men under WCCA. Revision of a large force, necessitated for the purpose of caring for incoming evacuees, was made under WRA supervision. A more compact force was formed and classes in criminology and traffic were started to teach the policemen the fundamentals of police work.

Eight-hour shifts are assigned to the patrolmen. In addition to routine duties, the department works in coordination with the military police checking the passes of incoming and outgoing vehicles and visitors. The issuance of identification cards for evacuees leaving on furlough and indefinite leaves is also in the hands of the police force.

A recent addition to the local police department is the mounted police force stationed in the newly-opened park located south of the center.

Under the supervision of Chief John Gilkey and Assistant Chief Loren Williams, the evacuee personnel includes: Chief Tom Takeyama, Assistant Chief Kiyoshi Higashi and Captain Yoshio Ishida. Sgt. Chosaku Kobayashi tops the Investigating Division. Acting as interpreter is Lieut. Eddie E. Higashi. Humane officers are Keisuke Hiraga and Sanpei Hiraga.

Via this WRA station wagon to Reno, many residents of Manzanar have been relocating to communities outside of the Western Defense Command.

Ken Maeda, George Yamada, and Sam Matsuda earnestly rehearse handling high pressure hose at the local fire department. Constant practice in the operation of fire apparatus and preventive measures of fire hazards have been contributing factors in keeping Manzanar at the top of the list for the least fire loss of all ten relocation centers.

Manzanar's Fire Department, headed by Fire Protection Officer Frank E. Hon and Associate Officer Ira L. Carpenter, still claims the distinction of having a very small fire loss. Despite the fact that Manzanar has a high fire hazard due to low humidity and strong winds the fire loss within this center was estimated under $25. On March 14, 1943, a brush fire was recorded southwest of the center with damage estimated amounting to $150.

A 50 by 56 feet structure, located on a street in block 13, houses two modern fire wagons equipped with a triple combination pumper capable of throwing 500 gallons of water per minute. There is also a hose wagon to be used as an auxiliary truck.

The department is manned 24 hours a day by three shifts of firemen, with living accommodations provided those on night duty. Constant drilling and preparation of fire equipment are conducted daily by Chief Hon. Heading the personnel of the local fire department is Berry N. Tamura, fire chief and S. Matsuda assistant chief.

Each block has organized brigades assigned to certain duties in case of a fire. They are supervised by the fire marshals in charge of four blocks each.

Hungry residents come scurrying at the sound of the mess hall gong three times a day to eat in a community mess hall, one for each block.

Fair or stormy weather, five trucks with 30 workers deliver food to 38 mess halls every morning. Many times they must make two to three trips per day. Their office is located at warehouse 10.

Camp butchers take time out to take a picture. They are, left to right: Hiroshi Hayashi, Chojiro Okazaki, George Murata, Masaaki Nakata (Foreman A), James Iwamizu, Asataro Fukumoto, Kanichi Harry Nakamura, Yozo Tsujimura, George Agawa, Kojiro Yamanaka, Benji Sano, Takeaki Onaka, Saburo Hagiwara (Supervisor), and Yoshizo Yoshimura (Bookkeeper).

Typical of the center's kitchens is messhall 1. The first to be constructed for volunteer workers back in March of 1842, it now feeds the various administration workers. Supervising this mess hall is Chief Steward Kotobuki Oku, shown instructing Cook Yasuji Kaku.

These people are persistently trying to uphold the old custom of "mochi tsuki." These little cakes made out of steamed rice are to the older Japanese, as hot dogs are to Americans. Starting out as grains of rice, they are hammered and pounded into one mass, then molded by hand into round cakes.

In recognition of a widespread public interest in the subject of food provided by the government to evacuees in relocation camps, the War Relocation Authority has prepared the following statement of its problem and policies in this field of its responsibilities.

Food for the consumption of the evacuees in various relocation camps is purchased through the U. S. Quartermaster Corps under specifications established by the Army. It is the policy of the authority to provide the evacuees with good substantial food of a quality and quantity comparable to that available to the general public. It is distributed to the mess halls under circumstances which provide strict restriction control over the kind and quality of food issued. All rationing recommendations applicable to the civilian population of the United States are applied in the operation of mess hails in the centers. If regulations governing the population are modified, the same modification will be made in the feeding program of the centers.

They are alloted sugar, coffee, and ration points for processed foods and meats, in accordance with the regulations governing all civilian institutions in this country. Rationing restrictions are applied in the issue of food from storerooms to mess halls. Food costs for the center consumption must not exceed 45c per person.

Exercising its policy of making each center self-supporting, the authority has provided the evacuees with facilities to produce a large portion of their own food. Substantial acreage has been alloted to each center for vegetable production and farms. Production programs allow shipment from center to center; for example, vegetables produced in the winter at Arizona centers are shipped to centers in Idaho and Wyoming, which in turn will ship summer-produced food to Arizona. Swine and poultry projects will be established in all centers during the present crop year. Beef will be raised in certain centers having the necessary grazing land. Near the once camouflage net project, a huge pit is being dug for storing vegetables for Manzanar's winter consumption.

Through countless centuries it has been a tradition of the Japanese people to celebrate the new year with a late December "mochi-tsuki" (conversion of steamed rice into delicious white rice cakes). Prior to evacuation it was more or less a family affair with neighbors helping on occasions, but last December the residents of the center experienced a war-time version of the famed "rice conversion" act with all able-bodied persons in their respective blocks participating.

Starting out with the steaming stage in the early a.m., the next stage finds the "brawn" of the inexperienced niseis versus the "brains" of the much more qualified isseis in the pounding of the rice. While still in its soft and hot stanza, the females are called upon to manipulate the "machi," molding them into round shapes of all sizes. Some are stuffed with sweetened beans, while the others are solidly molded for later consumption as an ingredient in a special new year soup.

Responsibilities of meeting and coping with the complex problem of feeding nearly 9,000 people daily falls on the shoulder of the Mess Management Division. In spite of some confusion and inconveniences caused by the recent rationing program, this department headed by Chief Steward J. R. Winchester, is one of the smoothest and most efficient departments in the center.

The office of Chief Steward Joseph Winchester is located in Room 12, Administration building. Assisting him are M. L. Harbach and E. A. Prentice, associate project stewards; Ben Yamada and Shizuo Mitsuhata, senior stewards; and Masao Higaharo, acting superintendent of personnel. This department takes care of all requisitions of foodstuffs, planning and issuing of all menus, hiring of all personnel connected with the mess division, and supervision of the food rationing program.

An important sub-department is the warehouse section from which the food is issued to the kitchens. The main office of the mess operation warehouses is located at Warehouse 10.

This section with Senior Storekeeper B. J. Patton, assisted by Tsugiso Tsugimura, warehouse manager; James Tanigawa, supply clerk; and Fred Fujimoto, timekeeper; maintains the storage and issuance of foodstuffs, cost and records of meals served, and daily deliverance of food to the mess halls.

Kitchen personnel, with a chief steward, cooks, and waiters, is composed entirely of evacuees. The kitchen chefs includs Kotobuki Ota, 1; Tetsugi Takeuchi, 2; Bunjiro Yamada, 3; Eikichi Takahashi, 4; Teruichi Inukai, 5; Tsugio Takeoka, 6; Shinichi Asanuma, 8; Sannosuke Yamashita, 9; Takekuma Murata, 10; Ichiji Tanaka, 11; Naosuke Kamigoshi, 12; Katsuo Imakyune, 13; Uichi Izumi, 14; Eichashi Shigemori, 15; Katsuye Cho, 16; Joe T. Tanaka, 17; Morikichi Matsumoto, 18; Nobuzo Fujimoto, 19; Ukichi Fujii, 20; Kiichi Sakaki, 21; Ted Katayama, 22; Eikichi Motooka, 23; Tsumeichi Nakaji, 24; Frank Yamada, 25; Otoichi Fukuchima, 26; Jack Isotani, 27; Kijiro Kirino, 28; Kito Nishimoto, 29; Yonekazu Matsumoto, 30; Saichi Yamamoto, 31; Kenjiro Okanouye, 32; Mack Fujii, 33; Tokuzo Nakane, 34; Kanzo Nagano, 35; Tomio Naito, 36; Keikichi Amano, 39, Children's Village; Temachi Ichiyo, 40, Hospital; Rinzo Yamada, 42, Administrative Mess; Kansuke Uraguchi, 510, Relief Crew.

[Photo caption]: Hospital scene in the men's ward. Patients Edward Shephard and David Tilton are being tendered care by orderly Yosh Yoshimura and nurses' aides Masako Matsuo and Hisako Fujii.

Pictured above is women's Ward I, one of the seven wards in our 250-bed hospital. Patients and nurses' aides in the photo from top to bottom are: Mrs. Sadako Kodani, Haruko Fujikawa, Mrs. Misa Inouye, Mrs. Tomo Shioji, and Sumiko Nishi.

Manzanar Hospital's boiler room with three large steam boilers with capacity of 100 pounds pressure in each, is located on the hospital grounds. The caretaker kneeling at one of the huge nozzles is Frank Ukita.

The hospital laundry, employing some 35 persons, has serviced over 155,000 separate pieces of laundry articles since the first of the year; including 84,000 pieces for flat iron finish. 52.000 in the dryer finish, and 17,000 for hand finish.

Although limited to handling only emergency cases due to the inadequacy of equipment and lack of personnel, the Dental Clinic has been pressed to the limit. Treating an average of 60 to 70 oral ailments daily, the clinic is located at the hospital with the branch at 7-8-1.

The great majority of cases are extractions and fillings. Denture work, although done, is extremely limited; only one or two plates being the capacity for one month. H. Toizumi is the sole teehnician who is further handicapped by lack of laboratory space.

The dental staff consists of a department head, Yoriyuki Kikuchi, D.D.S., Doctors C. K. Nagao, Y. Nakamura, and F. Iwazu. Assisting the doctors are eleven dental assistants.

Ever since their installation last summer, the trio of steam boilers enclosed within the tin-structured building in the rear of the center's base hospital, have played a vital role in keeping the wards and offices suitable for the patients and employees. Not only are they accredited with supplying warmth throughout the hospital, they are also the source of hot water and steam for the consumption of the laundry division adjoining the boiler room.

Under the supervision of Motoshi Sakamoto, there are ten boiler tenders employed on the boilers. The routine of the operators consists of cleaning the room and checking the gauges and meters located throughout the seven wards.

Nipping unsanitary conditions in the bud, the Public Health Service maintains community sanitation. Sanitary inspectors are constantly checking the cleanliness in all kitchens, wash rooms, barracks, and surrounding areas. Garbage disposal and water sewage, including water analysis and proper drainage, have all been some of the many functions of the efficient Public Health Service in Manzanar.

By PETE KONDO

You've always heard of slinging Sam, slinging the "Bull," but Slinging Kenso Kiyohiro's yarns are tall and long as are the winds of Manzanar.

Edward Shepherd in bed with a hip dislocation. Come what may there's nothing that can disrupt his quiet manner and humor. A smile lights his face though trouble comes along. He is a man wise for his 83 years.

Young in years but mature in action is our personality orderly of Ward 11. He is a student of Manzanar High and his ambition is to be a M.D. May we present our "Harold Teen," Shigeki Sugiyama.

"Looks are deceiving" so we are told, and in the case of orderly Sam Seki this is true as the general consensus of opinion is that he is a kibei. Relocating recently to Chicago, his friends are conscious of the value of fine friendship.

Tall, dark and handsome and as fickle as the autumn breeze is "lover" George Nakano. We wonder how his hair got so wavy.

First he moaned and groaned, then he ranted and raved for the expected birthday greeting which heretofore had always arrived, but as it failed to appear from said "friend" it Arkansas, he took up smoking a pipe, a vice in which he had never before indulged. First it curled his hair then he underwent the chameleon's act of turning different hues which finally ended up in a shade of chartreuse around about the gills. Buck up goo-goo eyes, we hear that Tatsuo "Peanut" Shioji has a way with the ladles.

It is life to laugh and be gay when fortune smiles your way, but how few are they who keep it up in spite of all adversities. Even after 18 years of being handicapped with a chronic bone infection, Joe Kishimoto has a most pleasant air of optimism. If ever the opportunity arises, remember Joe, we have a date to go fishing.

Carrying out the recognized WRA policy that each evacuee shall receive the best of medical care, the modern 250-bed base hospital located in the most westerly part of the center, has rendered untiring service to the Manzanar residents for a span covering a year's period. Derived from its single apartment headquarters situated in block one, the present base hospital was constructed last July in accordance with blueprints of the ones ordinarily constructed in the theatre of operations by the United States Engineering Department.

Emergency Hospital Erected

Dr. James Goto, Fumiko Gohata, RN, and Frank Chuman were appointed by the U. S. Public Health Department to set up an emergency hospital for the immediate care of evacuee volunteers who first set foot on this territory late in March, 1942.

In May, 1942, General DeWitt Bendetsen, upon visiting this center, promised administrative staff that the construction of a 250-bed hospital would commence immediately following his departure. Upon completion on July 22, 1942, the hospital was transferred to the new site in one day.

Dr. Morse Little, Project Medical Director, and Nursing Director Gertrude Wetzel, arrived in October.

Relocation Policy Affects Physicians, Nurses

The category of physicians and nurses has been greatly affected by the relocation policy. At the present time, there are only three physicians, Drs. Little, Takahashi and Muramoto. These physicians have seen, since the first of this year, a total of 11,050 out-patients, 636 in-patients and have performed 129 surgical operations. Rapid increase in the number of patients necessitated the utilization of six out of the seven wards and has imposed a tremendous strain upon not only the physicians but also the nurses, attendants, and orderlies.

Medical Branches Also Taxed

The dental clinic also felt the impact of the relocation of dentists with only Drs. Kikuchi, Nagao, Iwamizu, and Nakamura remaining to care for some 6,900 patients. The one optometrist at the hospital renders services consisting of determining refractions, lens duplications, miscellaneous repairs, and adjustment of frame temples. Since the first of the year, more than 1200 persons have been seen. The laboratory has been severely affected in that every qualified laboratory technician has relocated. The hospital X-Ray service has been of invaluable assistance in diagnosing and treating ailments.

It is a noteworthy fact that in spite of the decreasing number of hospital employees and medical services rendered, according to Ass't. Med. Adm. Frank Chuman, the health and medical service to the evacuees has been maintained at a commendably high level.

[Photo caption]: Miya Kikuchi and WCCA's Mervin Kidwell were responsible for the organization of the Community Welfare department. Left to right are Hatsu Hayashi, office manager; Margaret D'Ille, head; Ujio Niwa and Torakichi Muro, family workers.

Manzanar Red Cross, headed by Mrs. Asa Ikeda, has performed many services such as making curtains and staging benefit drives. Seated around the table are Mesdames Tatsu Kondo, Asa Ikeda, and Chiye Yato. Displayed are some of the articles made by the volunteer workers for the drive.

Family matters arising within this center are handled by the Community Welfare, located at 1-3-4, under the management of Counselor Mrs. Margaret D'Ille. Daily problems considered by this department include grants-in-aid, clothing allowances, social welfare, reuniting families which separated by evacuation, weddings, funerals, YWCA, YMCA, and religious activities.

Under the capable supervision of Counselor Mrs. Margaret D'Ille the office staff includes: Mrs. Hatsu Hayashi, office manager; Yoshio Kiyohiro, inter-camp transfers; Yoshiko Ukita, internees and household aides; Kaizo Naka, general interviewer.

Working with the joint supervision of the welfare and medical division, the community hostel was established at 34-15. Supervised by Kiyoshi Hirami, the hostel cares for invalid persons who have no one to give them the proper care. A closely related division is the household aides. Service rendered consists of aid to individual families such as when a person is needed to care for the children and housework. Workers closest to the people are the family visitors. Responsible for watching over the welfare of the people, they are trained to give consultation and advice.

Determining the eligibility of all residents for payment of clothing allowance is supervised by this department. During the fiscal year all payments from October, 1942, to July, 1943, were completed. For those desiring clothing, the distribution section located at Warehouse 22, distributes stock upon application. These are deducted from the individual's clothing allowance.

Sewing project is located at Iron Room 32. The workers have made rugs, slippers, toys, and articles of clothing which were sold for the benefit of the Red Cross. Recently a new service of making women's clothing to order was inaugurated.

The American Red Cross has been active in its services by holding lectures, acting as hostess to visiting soldiers and making articles for benefit sales. A total of $1,554.95 was received from 2525 donors in the recent camp-wide drive. This department functions smoothly, headed by Executive Secretary Elizabeth Moxley and Advisor Mrs. Asa Ikeda.

Celebrating its first anniversary, the YWCA can be justly proud of its accomplishments for the past year. A group of 16 separate clubs makes up the membership. The clubhouse at 19-15 is the locale of much of their activities. General Secretary of the organization is Sally Kusayanagi.

YMCA, with headquarters at 14-15, has proved to be a successful organization. Under Coordinator Paul Uyemura, musical concerts, rallies, socials, and club meetings have kept the members actively occupied.

Children's Viliage was founded June 23, 1942, on arrival of the first occupants from the Shonien and Maryknoll Home, both formerly of Los Angeles. Later, others arrived from the Salvation Army Home of San Francisco.

Attempting to create opportunities for a choice of activities through which the children can express their individual talents, participation in community life is encouraged. Supervising the home for these children are Mr. and Mrs. Harry Matsumoto.

The village is located in the northwest section of the center among the Apple trees. A plot of grass lawn with ample shade affords the children a pleasant playground. Among the recreational activities carried on are: basketball, volleyball, baseball, gymnastics, victory gardens.

All school-age children attend the local schools. Members of the staff assist the children with their studies and encourage them through difficulties. For the pre-school group a nursery school is conducted in the Village.

Cleanliness, manners and other prerequisites of a gentleman are being taught to these little boys.

Community Management Division is charged with general responsibility for directing and co-ordinating the programs of various activities to meet the community needs. The department includes the following sections: Education, Health, Community Activities, Community Welfare, Social Analysis, Relocation, Evacuee Property, and Community Enterprises. Holding its office in the Administration building, it functions under the supervision of Mrs. Lucy W. Adams and Barbara Dougherty, secretary.

It has standing committees on relocation, vocational training, summer activities, and the city planning board, which includes appointed staff and evacuee members who assist in planning programs and activities in those fields. Several of the sections also have their own evacuee boards and committees to assist in formulating over-all policies and advice on public relations within the center. Community Management also handles repatriation and assists in the rehearing of cases for leave clearance.

[Photo caption]: Evidence of patriotism within the center is displayed by Toshiko Hataka as she attaches stars to the Manzanar service flag. The task of sewing on the numerous stars is tedious in that each one must be sewn by hand. Toshiko is one of the many girls employed in the garment factory located in warehouses 30-31.

As part of their daily routine the garbage crew takes the garbage cans to the back of the hospital boiler room to be steam cleaned.

Bert Miura, former garment factory worker from Los Angeles, is shown cutting material for mattress ticking at the garment factory where he is employed as a cutter. All resident work clothing, such as work shirts, sun-tan pants and seersucker brunch coats, are manufactured by this section. Future garment factory workers are trained daily in the various industrial sections.

Credited with not only undertaking all tasks coming under the industrial end, but also for the task of training the employed evacuees, the industrial division, under Superintendent Henry R. Haberle, was organized with the creation of the Garment Factory.

With ten women workers headed by Mrs. Taye Jow, the Garment Factory started its production on a borrowed Singer machine at Warehouse 23. At its present location, Warehouses 30 and 31, approximately 13,000 units of clothing have been made.

Woodcraft project under supervision of S. Sasaki, located at Warehouse 32 and 33-15, manufactures toys and furniture.

Community Clothing Alterations and Repair section located at Warehouse 30, is under the supervision of Mrs. S. Sumi. Functions of this group are to repair or alter issued clothing for evacuees of this center.

Producing over 1,600 pounds of bean sprouts since its beginning, the Bean Sprout Project, under J. S. Tomita, is located at Laundry Room 1.

Begun in February, 1943, the Apiary Project, under Supervisor Paul Ichino, plans to produce honey from the 25 hives now set out, for consumption in local mess halls.

The Shoyu Factory, located at Laundry Room 1, is under the supervision of N. Nakamura. Equipment and machinery were installed in October and production started in November.

Other sections include the Cabinet Shop, under the supervision of S. Araki; Sign Shop, supervised by Jack Hirose; Maintenance, under S. Harada; and Domestic Machine Repair, under Carl Kurata.

Operating 144 boiler units, filling in job gaps in cases of illness or emergency, collecting garbage, dehydrating and deodorizing grease from the messhalls. These are but a few of the ordinary and monotonous jobs rendered by the Maintenance department of the Public Works Division.

Acting Senior Engineer, Arthur M. Sandridge, succeeded Hervey Brown, Jr., in June, Neal Bennett is associate Design Engineer; Clyde E. Bradshaw, chief Construction Foreman; O. E. Sisler, senior Construction Foreman; Herbert F. Thorne, superintendent of Maintenance; Ralph D. Feil, associate Electrical engineer; Justus F. Sheperson, senior Carpenter foreman; and Leon Julian, Lumber Yard superintendent.

Although water rights are controlled by the City of Los Angeles, Manzanar's water supply is supervised by Jiro Matsuyama. He sees that water is supplied and available at all times and properly chlorinated. Daily average of 1,100,000 gallons of water is utilized by the center residents. A reservoir with a capacity of 600,000 gallons, located one mile west of the center, is used as the settling basin. Well No. 75 and Shepherd's Creek supply most of the water consumed.

Acting upon a recent notification from Washington urging all centers to enlarge their agricultural program to increase food production this year, this department is striving to make this center as self sustaining as possible. With the assurance that the livestock project will be under way without further delay, and added impetus has been given the agricultural program.

This department is divided into four sections, with the main office located at Warehouse 24. The field unit is divided into six work crews, each supervised man, who are in turn supervision of General Katsugoro Kawase.

All responsibilities concerning propagation and care of seedlings used on the farming project are under the nursery unit supervised by Joe Kishi.

Livestock unit will be completed within the next few weeks and will include beef cattle, swine, and chickens. All meat and poultry units will be located south of the center.

Manzanar's finest vegetable products on display in the window of the Chalfant Press in Lone Pine. Most of Manzanar's printing jobs including the Free Press, are done at the Chalfant Press. The vegetables shown were grown last year on the south farm, and displayed in the neighboring towns.

12,500 gallons of shoyu have been produced in the local shoyu project since production started in November. In the photo above Shintaro Nakamura, foremen, poses in the shoyu factory located in block one laundry room.

From food trays and window shades to a dog exterminating chamber are just a few of the many orders filled by the cabinet shop, located in Warehouses 33 and 34. This project, under the foremanship of Jim Araki, made during the month of June, eighty-two units of equipment for the various divisions in this center valued at almost $500.

File boxes, supply cabinets, executive desks, double deck bookcases, typists' tables, and shelves, are other articles constructed by the thirty employees.

[Photo caption]: Manzanar High School choir won its recognition for its stirring rendition of "Ballads for Americans." The group is directed by Louis Frizzell. Front row, left to right: Hatsuye Hamane, Furmiye Miki, Junko Yoshimoto, Mary Toguchida, Rose Murata, Hisako Nakahama, Miyuki Yoshimoto, Harumi Ogawa, Kay Shinden, Tetsuko Murakami, Keiko Higa. Second row, left to right: Kazuko Nagai, Shirley Tani, May Kaku, Karie Shindo, Toyoko Ioki, Sakae Akemoto, Tomi Abo, Shigeko Suzuki, Mary Kadota, Josephine Seno, Aiko Tani, Sumiko Kudo. Third row, left to right: Tommy Uyeda, Tsugimaro Sakata, Hiro Yamasaki, Duck Mayeda: Isao Matsuno, Saburo Kuwahara, Genzo Nishida, George Hirooka, Martin Hochi, Hank Sakai, Saburo Matsumoto, Kaz Yamamoto, Mary Kageyama, Ida Mori.

Dr. Genevieve Carter congratulates Yoshiko Kuramoto as she receives her diploma. Students in the background smile: sheepskins in hand.

Boosting the morale of school children and residents alike was the important event in the Education program. Dr. Aubrey Douglas of the State Department of Education and Herman Spindt of the University of California inspected and evaluated the school system within the center. Now in possession of the Education Department are credentials of approval stating that the local high school and junior college study meet the standard requirements of California.

This encouraging incident following only ten months after school was officially opened is proof of the hard work placed into the school system and assures the fact that the quality of the Manzanar school system is in no way inferior to other systems.

Headed by Dr. Genevieve Carter, Superintendent of Education, the school system is divided into Nursery, Elementary, Secondary, and Adult Education schools. Leon C. High is principal of the High School, Clyde Simpson, principal of Grammar School, Dr. Melvin Strong, director of Adult Education and Mary Schauland, head of Nursery Schools.

Chief concern at the present time is the crowded condition of classrooms. The building program has been approved by the WRA headquarters, and is hoped to be completed this summer. Nursery centers have undergone great improvement with parents redecorating the barracks and attendance mounting to 97%.

High school students have been particularly active this semester with the publishing of the school newspaper, organization of the student council, science club and choir. An honor roll system has been developed while a farm management class is now operating with six acres under cultivation.

Junior Red Cross, intramural sports, newspaper, and other grade activities have done much to unify the elementary school groups.

There is an approximate enrollment of 2081 students; 1021 in Elementary school; 1060 in High School. Although resignations have been turned in by some of the teachers at the end of the winter session, there were 47 teachers for elementary and 51 for high school. Out of these 34 were evacuee teachers.

Center residents through perseverance and hard work have developed one of the finest school systems of the ten centers.

Composed of some of the leading residents of Manzanar, the initial Red Cross board members met in May, 1942.

In January, 1943, the Red Cross office was stationed in the block 19 YWCA building, and artificial flowers and crocheted puppies were made and sold to raise funds.

In February, old clothes and remnants were converted into useful articles. Later, the Red Cross launched a drive which netted a total of $1,554.95. Minoru Hori is the present chairman with Elizabeth Moxley and Mrs. Asa Ikeda as secretaries.

Camouflage Building No. Four houses the Ceramic project which will soon make chinaware for the mess halls. The products will be sold at the Co-op and other WRA projects will absorb others.

Like any other school in this country, the three R's are taught to local pupils such as Yoshiyuki Masuda and Kenji Nakamaki shown in their classroom located at 3-15.

Pictured above is Ralph P. Merritt, guest speaker at the graduation exercises of the local high school, making his address to the audience.

With obstacles overcome, such as adequate equipment installed, nursery schools decorated, and armed with a better and more thorough teacher training, evacuee nursery teachers are now in direct charge of Manzanar's youngsters ranging in age from three to five years of age.

Present nursery school teachers include: Mary Kakoi, Chizuko Hayashida, Midori Kaji, Sadae Yoshioka, Mrs. Lily Yamada, Mary Watanabe, Edith Wakamoto, Chiyoko Nagamine, Masako Uno, Yuriko Takeda, Helen Tabuchi, Fuyuko Sakai, Lillian Kawatsu, Emiko Miyamoto, Tayeko Kawahara, and Mrs. Kubota. Teachers have received instructions from Mrs. Snyder, Mrs. Gibson, Dr. Genevieve Carter, and Joy Soeda. Mrs. Kameyo Fujii is parent-nursery school co-ordinator assisting Mary A. Schauland, supervisor.

Marking the completion of twelve years of study, one hundred and ninety-six students of the local high school were graduated in a commencement held on July 3, in block 16-17, fire-break. It brought to a close one of the most unusual school experiences for each of the graduates who a year ago were scattered all over the broad state of California. Leaving their caucasian teachers and schoolmates, each of the graduates came to Manzanar not knowing when a school would be established for the continuance of their education.

With much bewilderment these students attended "school" that first day, sitting on the floor and meeting their new teachers and fellow students. Lack of chairs, desks, equipment, and books hindered the teaching methods of caucasian and evacuee instructors alike. Slowly block 7 began to take on the atmosphere of a normal school as textbooks and desks began to arrive and linoleum and plasterboard were used to make the room more comfortable for the students.

Slowly the students began to settle down to serious studying. Even though their classes were held in a peculiar environment, the students felt they lacked the activities common in all high schools. With faculty encouragement, enterprising students arranged for the election of student body officers.

During the last semester a school paper was published by the students which bolstered student morale and developed a better school spirit.

As the last semester commenced for the summer class of 1943, they realized that a senior year would not be complete without the traditional prom and banquet. With zest these gala affairs were undertaken and completed with much success.

With these fond memories of their high school days these seniors were graduated in one of the most beautiful settings possible for such a solemn ceremony.

(1) First row, left to right: Masaye Nakahira, Yukie Mishima, Grace Oshio, Fumi Miyoshi, Tsuruko Matsuno, Natsuko Sakamoto, Mary Mitsuuchi, Mieko Chikasawa, Shizuko Hiroshima, Mary Enomoto, Ruth Saitow, Mary Aoki, Helen Kusuda, Yoshiko Kubota, Alice Muraoka, Chiyoko Nakasaki.

Second row, left to right: Bentley Wells, Hanako Murakami, Someko Tatsumi, Betty Ogura, Muriel Kawahara, Kiyo Kusunoki, Clara Seno, Grace Hatago, Hisako Nagai, Yaye Shimizu, Lily Omura, Betty Hashimoto, Grace Takahashi, Nanaye Shintani, Mitsuye Furuya, Mieko Kamo Michiko Mikami, Jane Tsuda, Toshiko Teraoka, Haruye Imahori, Lily Fukuhara, Midori Kunitomi, Hisayo Hori, Junko Hatae.

Third row, left to right: Tohoru Shishdo, Hitoshi Yasuda, Wallace Takeyama, Yuji Sato, Shigetomo Katayama, Toshihiko Sedohara, George Odahara, Henry Okamura, Takanori Imamoto, Masaru Matsumura, Roy Nakagawa, Yoshio Kusayanagi, Ben Nakaji, Masao Hayashida, Roy Higashida, Tatsuya Ueno, Toshiro Hara, Floyd Tanaka, Wataru Okamoto, Tadashi Uyeno, Jogi Yamaguchi.

(2) First row, left to right: Rose Murata, Fumiko Nemoto, Kazue Nishimoto, Ida Mori, Michiko Muraki, Toyoko Ioki, Hanako Shishido, Mihoko Yoshimura, Kiyoko Tanioka, Hisako Sakioka, Hatsumi Ryono, Michiko Sakamoto, Shizuko Kuse, Mary Ito, Josephine Seno.

Second row, left to right: Aiko Tani, Frances Koga, Kiyo Mio, Joyce Natsume, Masako Yokomori, May Uchida, Tomi Yonemoto, Haruko Nakata, Mitsuye Takemiya, Amy Fujiu, Yoshiko Kuramoto, Kazumi Kishi, Sumiko Kudo, Midori Ochi, Emiko Saisho, Flora Nishimura, Katsuko Kato, Mitsu Furuta, Yoneko Ikeda, Midori Tani, Yoshiko Fujii, Hatsuye Hamane.

Third row, left to right: Tommy Ajisaka, Saburo Matsumoto, Jun Okimoto, Hideo Toma, Hideo Hori, Martin Hochi, Henry Sakai, Susumu Myose, Teddy Ushijima, Saburo Kuwahara, Kazuyuki Yamamoto, Harry Nakata, George Hirooka, Masaru Murata, Richard Kobayashi, Albert Kawamoto.

(3) First row, left to right: Patricia Torii, Momo Nagano, Karie Shindo, Mary Ono, Fumiko Watanabe, Shizumi Mizumoto.

Second row, left to right: Miyoko Sakai, Setsuko Takeuchi, Betty Kurosumi, Ruby Hori, Mary Uyeno, Sue Toyama, Matsuko Kodani, Sueko Mizumoto, Misao Nakagawa, Irene Mizutani, Florence Ban, Lucy Yonemitsu, Eva Tamaki.

Third row, left to right: Paul Takeuchi, ***, ***, ***, ***, Gary Okamoto, Tadashi Honjio, Yoshikatsu Nakayama, ***, ***, Toshimi Hori, Louis Kado, Roy Toda, Akira Nishizawa, Roy Nakashima, Henry Ohmoto.

(4) First row, left to right: Yoshiko Hamamoto, Janet Nakano, Reiko Ando, Amy Takahashi, Michiko Sugawara, Ruth Niguma.

Second row, left to right: June Hoshino, Masayo Uchiyama, Hideko Tokunaga, Mary Suzuki, Riyoko Nakamura, Chizuko Sakuma, Marie Hisamune, Margaret Handa, Teruko Akita, Emiko Takahashi, Ruth Uyemura, Michiko Iwasaki, Michiko Kamachi.

Third row, left to right: Naomi Ogimachi, Masaharu Marumoto, Fumio Takahashi, ***, Tooru Shimizu, Kenji Kyosai, Masayuki Higashi, Hiromichi Nakaji, George Shiba, Hiro Sasaki, Ben Masakatsu Horii, Atsumi Yamamoto, Dan Iwata, Yoshimi Minami, Noriyuki Iwasaki, George Ban, Bo Sakaguchi.

(5) First row, left to right: May Ichiriu, Mary Kageyama, Toshiye Nakadaira, Yoshiko Ogi, Florence Kuwata, Keiko Haga, Ristuko Uyeno, Kay Motooka.

Second row, left to right: Haruye Okuno, Emiko Oda, Murako Ishibashi, Jane Hamamoto, Dorothy Yoshizawa, Mary Kobayashi, Tomi Abo, Kyoko Yoshimoto, Itoyo Hashimoto, Chieko Kami, Reiko Uyeshima.

Third row, left to right: Yukiya Tatsumi, George Tamai, Yosh Yasuda, Kiyoshi Hayashi, Genzo Nishida, George Mayeda, Jimmy Yamaguchi, Tomotsu Noda, Hiro Yamazaki, Tsugi Arita, Tsutawo Urokogata, Sadao Kaizoji.

(6) First row, left to right: Yukio Mitsuuchi, Ben Harada, Sumio Ido, Yoshiteru Murakami, Yoshiaki Nakayama, Joe Takahashi.

Second row, left to right: Satsuko Yano, Tetsuko Murakami, Iris Akiyama, Hideko Minabe, Seiko Hiraide, Martha Katayama, Shigeko Fugii, Mariko Eto, Mary Nakagawa, Rose Katayama, Mary Ann Kadota, Shigeko Suzuki, Sakaye Akemoto.

(7) First row, left to right: Yoshiko Mori, Toshiko Umeki, Fumiko Tachibana, Haruna Torii, Yachiyo Nakagi, Kimi Ishikawa.

Second row, left to right: Kenji Ozone, Masaru Teshiba, Tadao Miyake, Tsutomu Kawahara, Hiromu Nakamura, Mitsuru Azeka, James Aiso, Stanley Yagi, George Fukayama, Towru Nagano, Ralph Adachi.

[Photo caption]: A small crowd gathers as busses pull up at the police station were to take on Manzanar's share of furlough workers. With hands clasped behind him, Mr. Hidesuke Yamamoto, yard cleaner in block 1, stands in the center foreground critically contemplating cigarette stub throwers and gum wrapper droppers.

Going as close as the sign permits, a few isseis watch the loading of furlough workers' baggage. Making sure, perhaps, that their son's grip containing the long underwear is not forgotten.

All out for a better crop this season the people are tending their Victory Garden between the firebreak 11 and 17. These gardens are property of the residents and mess halls. Women, men and children work the garden.

On meatless days, what goes good with "ochazuke?" Why, tsukemono of course! These Japanese pickles are derived from the products of the victory gardens situated in firebreaks throughout the camp.

Arising long before the break of dawn, the garden enthusiasts commence tilling their patches. Although a few of these farmers have been the frequent victims of "borrowers," they stoically continue production. Some also grow flowers to add color to their green plots of vegetables.

Unpainted and impartial, this is the story of a Manzanar Free Press reporter who exchanged his typewriter for a hoe and left the security of a center for freedom and heartbreaking experiences in Idaho as a farmer.

Bill Kitayama who packed his dreams in his suitcases reached Idaho Falls, Idaho in early May, 1943, only to find that the contract he had in Manzanar was given to another party.

He writes: "When Japanese-Americans residing in relocation centers answered the appeal to save the nation's vital sugar supply, their actions were prompted, not only by patriotism but by a two-fold purpose -- relocation and financial rewards. Their efforts were temporarily thwarted when their rightfully earned wages were decreased... This was contrary to the Secretary of Agriculture's decision and the sugar beet contract which reads: 'The farmer agrees whenever feasible to employ at prevailing wages'."

One instance presents a case where an evacuee refused to thin beets for the $8.25 he was recruited for. The farmer then hired Mexican laborers who demanded and received $10.00 per acre, the prevailing wage.

The sugar beet contracts failed to account for weeds which brought up to 50 cents extra for Mexican laborers. Too, it failed to mention the usage of segregated seeds, which does not pay as much as the regular seeds.

It cannot be overlooked, however, that there was good with the bad.

TWO ISSUES

Two issues await the actions of the War Relocation Authority. First, this issue of thinning weeded areas by evacuees who failed to receive the sum allowed by the new ruling passed by the Secretary of Agriculture. Second, the problem of getting back pay for those who are subject to receive the difference between $8.25 and $10.00.

Whatever be the outcome, evacuee beet workers will never again repeat the bitter experience of physical hardships and mental strain. They will demand a more stable agreement, a more secure contract, which is backed, not only by man-made laws, but by the laws of human decency and righteousness. For, after all, the Japanese-Americans are asking and willing to shoulder their share in winning the war, on the home front as well as the fighting front.

WORKERS SATISFIED

Leave Officer Walter A. Heath states that, "In the fall of 1942, over 1,000 men from Manzanar went to the beet fields. Of those who returned, nearly all voiced their satisfaction with community acceptance but complained of one or more conditions of employment or housing.

"Many complaints are almost childish in that they have to do with lack of electricity or the necessity to heat bath water on a cook stove. Many others are fully justified but nearly all have to do with unchangeable circumstances. Housing provided to beet laborers has never been good and probably never will be. Just as most evacuees are good workers, so too are most farmers fair and decent people. Neither group is 100 percent.

"Dissatisfied men are usually poor workers and do little to help the reputation of Japanese-Americans. It is hoped that in the future no one will listen to the pleasant voice of a sugar company recruiter unless he is willing to accept rather primitive living conditions, wage rates that are not always completely fair, and an occasional shylock farmer. More pleasant jobs are available for those with a patriotic urge."

Responding to the frantic call for workers in the Idaho-Montana region were many evacuees. This is one contingent which left on furlough to help harvest the vital sugar beet crops.

Pouncing upon a furlough worker who was returning to Idaho after a two-week visit here, this reporter was convinced that some furlough boys are enjoying something else besides blistered hands and broken backs. "We were fortunate in landing a swell contract in Idaho," stated Bill Kakatsuki, member of the Sierra Padres gang working on the Paul Scott farm near Pocatello.

Their contract includes harvesting of 110 acres of potatoes and 47 acres of beets. He described thinning as the most back-breaking task involved in preparing future sugar cubes.

A typical day starts at 5:30 in the morning as the "Come and get it!" shout of the chef awakens the workers in the midst of their dreams. Rationing does not seriously affect them since most vegetables and milk are obtainable right on the farm and prices of other foodstuffs are fairly reasonable.

Sunday is the day for relaxation. Into town for some bowling or perhaps the theater...maybe a round of golf...Sometimes they are lucky enough to have the boss take them on a fishing trip. One can understand why they call this state "scenic Idaho" and the limit of trout taken within two hours is enough incentive for any fisherman.

After such a colorful and intriguing picture portrayed, even a hardened ex-furlougher is tempted to throw caution to the winds and take a chance.

Following days of basking under the shimmery summery sun, the healthy vegetables raised for the center's consumption are harvested and transferred to the huge refrigerator for "cooling off" while awaiting their turn for delivery to various dining halls in the center. Protruding from three to seven inches into Ma Nature's rich soil ever since retaining their secondary stage, the countless rows of carrots in the field are accorded frequent thirst quenchers and soil loosening by the farmers. Many were the occasions when the helpless green tops were nibbled at by envious long-eared creatures passing by.

Grouped into bunches of four to five, the carrots are placed into crates and legally brought into camp for either salad ingredients for Manzanites, or "relocation" to other centers. Those that are labeled for local usage are washed counted and confined to cold storage until requisition is made for their release. Those that are destined for outside consumption are given a send-off at the farmers' warehouse.

Wednesday evening's menu calls for the usage of the eagerly awaited carrots so on Monday the long fellows are warned of their release through the head steward. Once again they are loaded upon the trucks and distributed to the thirty-seven mess halls of the center. Then the cooks undertake the task of slicing and dicing 'til the carrots are beyond recognition. With the ringin' of the mess halls that eve, we discover beyond doubt that those once fresh appearing bunch of greentops are cooked for good along with the poor lambs to form a delicious dish of lamb stew.

[Photo caption]: Jumping at the chance to become trained defense workers and aid their country, those niseis from Manzanar left for Milford, Iowa, NYA training center. Upon reaching their destination they found themselves stranded and training program cancelled. Here they are shown with the Des Moines Relocation officer talking things over. This picture appeared with an article in the Des Moines Register, influential newspaper. Left to right, they are Tom Komatsu, 24; Roy Izumi, 19; Tommy Zoriki, 22; Kaz Arai, 21; Henry M. Sate, 20; Michael Yamane, 24; and Bobby Izumi, 18, with Relocation Supervisor Vernon Kennedy of Des Moines. -- cut courtesy, Des Moines Register.

An average of 25 residents leave this center each week to relocate in the mid-west and eastern states. Here is one group pausing at the Military Police house for clearance.

Companion, guide, advisor and diplomat, is Mrs. Nancy Zischank, official escort. She has traveled approximately 33,000 miles, escorting about 540 evacuees to Reno and back.

Mrs. Zischank's youngest charge was a six-month-old baby brought into Children's Village from Mojave; her oldest she estimated was about 60. For isseis who do not speak English she has a very satisfactory system of conversation by means of cards on one side of which is English and the other Japanese.

Since its beginning, the Relocation Office has steadily grown in importance. Now the relocation program has reached a measure of maturity in and procedure. The leave section is under the charge of Relocation Officer Walter Heath. This section fills out questionnaires for indefinite, seasonal and short term leaves.

Leaves now may be obtained from this office for eligible persons within an hour after application. Evacuees may relocate upon the invitation of a friend who will assist in his re-establishment an invitation from a hostel, or upon approval of the relocation officer of the area in which they seek employment.

Placement section headed by Ray Buzzetti, receives about 75 job offers each week outside the Western Defense Area. Varying from domestic to highly skilled laboratory technicians, these jobs are posted for inspection on the office's bulletin board. Applications for cash grants are also filed at this office.

[Photo caption]: Every evening night checkers in every block like Koichi Ozone, lower left, of block 17, visit each home in the block to take complaints, suggestions, and problems arising in the unusual and complex camp life. Residents shown in the picture are S. Ishikawa, H. Akano, and S. Kano, who live at the home above, and Mrs. S. Shikami and Masako, Norihiro who were visiting at that time.

Here is a street scene depicting the cross section view of Manzanar's business district. Shown at the extreme left is the Evacuee Property Office. Following this street straight down are various other departments including Property Control and the Consumer Enterprises divisions. The administration building can be seen on the right side of the street.

George S. Takemura shown with his own handiwork in front of his home at 23-9-4. The chairs and umbrella are made from remnants, twigs and tree branches. People in the center have made beautiful furniture with only twigs and unwanted wood.

This photogenic young gentleman showing signs of doubt in his eyes is Kenji Ogawa, claimant of the distinguished honor of being the first baby of Manzanar. Son of Mr. and Mrs. Hatsuji Ogawa, Kenji has innocently lived through seventeen months of this center's pioneer life.

Petite Toshiko Mikami and Kazuko Sakai are enjoying a winter day in Manzanar at Baird's creek, located at the southwest corner of the center. Kazuko is seen pointing at the creek showing Toshiko the ripple of success, as both gleam with joy.

Shephard's creek flowing north of Manzanar provides nearly all the center's water supply. Here the water is being diverted into a 600,000 gallon capacity settling basin prior to storage.

To define my home life in Manzanar, I would say that it has become a group of unique experiences in a rather livable enviornment which is constant only in its continued daily, dynamic changes.

These changes started from the moment I arrived. Visualize my approach apparelled in a big summer hat, open-toed French-heeled sandals, costume a-la L.A. and a gleam in my eye. The gleam meant anticipation of adventure. To be sure, adventure outside of a cozy little appartment set up with the useless lovely things (collection of tea cups) I had piled in the car. It would have hurt to know that my thoughts as well as my clothes were ridiculous. Each of us probably could write a book just on the mental gymnastics of the first day. Contemplate home in a corner of a plasterboard six-beam, one-room barrack, a beet picker's bed, a straw mattress, a good block's walk to a frightening public place called "latrine," and three other girls to share this life with you.

It was harder because of a sand tornado on the outside, which refused to stay outside, to listen to the following positive cheer points given by these similarly inducted roommates. I had a bed, an unusual item to most of the teachers who were then sleeping on the floor; we had a small patch of grass in front of our barrack; the dust wouldn't blow forever and "I simply must hear about so-and-so of 'Goon Gulch' aparment, etc., etc." From the first sense of humor of the inmates of Manzanar has been unconquerable.

This hill billy band, known as tbe Sierra Stars is comprised of teen-age youngsters who have appeared in numerous talent programs during the past year. Musicians, left to right, are; Keto Okazaki, Tom Kano, Kiyo Nishi, Eddie Tanaka, Lillian Wakatsuki, Kasuko Nagai, and Frank Tani.

When the first family contingent arrived on April 1, 1942, the first dishwashers didn't just turn the handle on a faucet for their hot water. Manzanar was still under construction and boilers had not been installed so the phrase, "barest necessities of life" held much meaning for the pioneer evacuees. Water for mess hall use was heated on these wood burning Army field stoves.

Dring, dring, just in the midst of my pistachio ice cream, the alarm clock set for quarter to six shattered my pleasant dream. After shutting off the alarm. I once again tried to resume the consummation of my favorite repast. After hiding awhile under the covers from the sun, I finally "lost fight" and jumped out of bed. I hurriedly rushed for the shower room where I met the early-birds of the kitchen crew. I returned home after a brisk cold shower.

With Mass starting at 6:30 a.m. I scurried down to Block 25 and as usual was just a trifle late. After a half-hour service, I returned to Block 29 in time to have breakfast.

Cutting across the pear orchard trying to save time, always on the lookout for an ambulance which might be heading towards the administration district, I kept on the alert to hail a vehicle. HMM, wasn't lucky this morning. Must have lost my "oomph." Gosh, walking from one end of the camp to the other is sure hard on my $16 monthly pay check. They say walking is good for the SOUL but not for my SOLE. Since the Manzanar 8:00 a.m. "air raid whistle" had sounded some five minutes ago I was greeted with a barrage of "good afternoons" from every corner of the office.

Getting ready for press day, Saturday, and also circulation day, the Editor yelled above the din of the office, "Get the story of the skunk that invaded the hospital!"

In spite of the hustling and the bustling of the editorial staff, the circulation department managed to complete the outside mailing list by noon.

I was in the most embarrassing predicament en route to the "Latrine." Outside the Records Department I came upon two birds quarreling whom I recognized as my friends. Automatically I reached for the nearest door latch I...Ooops! A man was shaving...My mistake! Swish, I made the quickest exit with a tomato-faced complexion.

With only a half-day of work I started my long trudge home a little after one. Carrying my bumbershoot to shield myself from the sun and cutting across the firebreak, I again commenced my vigil for ambulances returning to the hospital. With thoughts of family washing and tonight's dance... . "Lady Luck" was with me... Good "ole Jim" heading for the hospital.

With various clangings of the 5:30 supper bells, people of the block streamed into the mess halls. Murmurs of approval and disapproval of the menu of "Slop Suey" are heard.

It was still light when the diners returned to their apartments and idly sat around outdoors chatting about the latest rumors. Mother and Dad and the neighbors sat on the back bench admiring our "victory garden."

Tempus fugit. Around 8:30 my escort came, not in his Cadillac or Packard but strolled to my door on his Footmobile and walked me to the Block 23 Palladium. alias the mess hall. Dancing with my escort, occasionally we bumped into the cyclone dancers, snake dancers, pachook dancers. Some of these neophytes sure step on your feet to save their soles! The last dance ended around a quarter to twelve! Again we made use of our Footmobiles and tramped home. I went to the shower room for the last clean-up.

On my knees I prayed "Now I lay me down to sleep..." Then I quietly slipped into my straw tick bed.

[Photo caption]: First confirmation services held at the local St. Francis Xavier Church, the Catholic Church of Manzanar, was held last April with Bishop Phillip G. Scher of Fresno officiating. Assisting were Father Steinback, pastor of the local church, and Father Smith of the Santa Ross Catholic Church in Lone Pine. Altar boys are George Minamiki and Vincent Doi.

Inside the Buddhist Church, located at Block 13, is shown Reverend S. Nagatomi. He lectures at various mess halls for the benefit of the residents. This church has been made beautiful by the help of the Buddhist followers.

Planning a meeting schedule at the Protestant Church Office are Reverends Yukichi, Seizo Abe, Junro Kashitani, and Takeshi Nishikawa. To accommodate the large number of followers, three Protestant churches are situated throughout the camp.

Work of the churches in Manzanar has grown so in the past few months that present meeting places are too small. In addition, priests, sisters, and ministers continue to counsel families and individuals coming to them for advice and help.

The first mass of the Catholic Church was held on March 29, 1942. Library of Catholic books, Catechism classes and Christian baptisms also have been organized. Clubs under the supervision of the church include: the Young People's Study Club, Senior and Junior Sodality, and the Name Society.

Father Hugh Lavery is the Superior, Father Leo Steinback, pastor, with Sisters Mary Bernadette and Mary Suzanna assisting.

The Buddhist Church held its initial service three months after the first volunteers arrived. Since then the church groups have greatly expanded and now are divided into two sects holding their services at 13-15. The Shinshu or the First Buddhist is directed by Rev. Shinjo Nagatomi, and the Nichiren or the Second Buddhist is headed by Rev. Hiromu Oda.

Outstanding among the many special services held by the church was the Hana Matsuri celebrating the birth of Buddha, Mother's Day, Father's Day, and Gotanye. Bon-odori rehearsals, for the August Obon festival were held in the various areas. In conjunction with the above program, regular weekly services, lectures, shotsuki and shingon choir practices were held, having attendance exceeding 3,500 weekly. Church Council, YBA Cabinet, Fujin Kai, Gyodo Kai, and other miscellaneous meetings round out the calendar.

The Protestant Church was organized soon after the Manzanar project began. Over 3,000 people attend the weekly services at the following locations at 9-15, 11-15, 15-15, 21-15, 23-15, 30-15, and 32-15. Regular meetings are conducted by YP Fellowship, Young Adults' Forum, Adults' Council, and Teachers' Organizations. The members of the Ministerial Association are Reverends Junro Amos Kashitani, Ainosuke Ishida, Yukichi Naito, Takeshi Nishikawa, Masahiro Omi, Seiya Sakai, K. Suzuki, and Junichi Fujimori.

[Photo caption]: Highighting the current softball season, a total of 27 boys' and 15 girls' league teams entertain the residents. Games are played in firebreaks as part of a regularly scheduled recreational events. Pictured from left to right are: Eichi Minami, Eddie Tanaka and Akira Tanaka.

During the casaba season, two girls' leagues were formed in addition to six boys' leagues with the games being played on clay and dirt courts. In action are two top-notch teams, the Dusty Chicks and Just-A-Meres.

Concentration at its peak is displayed by these hard thinking isseis as they scratch noggins and moan, anticipating the move of their opponent in this fascinating Japanese strategy game of 'goh.'

Naomi Hashimoto uses a 'tomoye-nage' on Yasuo Suzuki on the sawdust mat covered floor. With cooperation from the judo enthusiasts, the large edifice was completed in March 1945.

Forming an important cog in the Manzanar center life is the the Community Activities Division directed by Aksel Nielsen. Although limited in facilities, the aid from sympathetic caucasians and the enthusiastic efforts of the staff has helped the Community Activities to accomplish a high goal in its field.

Goh, shogi, drama, musicals, woodcarving, gardening and poem writing are the favorite pastimes for the elderly men. Embroidery, flower making, knitting, leathercraft, sewing, dramas and musicals are the predominant recreations for the women.

Goh, shogi, drama, musicals, woodcarving, gardening and poem writing are the favorite pastimes for the elderly men. Embroidery, flower making, knitting, leathercraft, sewing, dramas and musicals are the predominant recreations for the women.

Through the medium of talent shows, dances, softball, basketball, football and tennis games, weight lifting contests, song fests, folk dances, parties, ping pong and movies, the morale of the younger residents has been kept at a high level. In addition to these diversions, several groups have been organized to form music, model airplane building, painting, and literature clubs for are persons in all walks of life.

A summer "evening concert" is offered to the residents by the Manzanar community band under the direction of Louis Frizzell, every other Sunday evening on the outdoor stage.

The music department consists of six units: the military and are swing bands, salon and concert orchestras, mandolin-guitar and violin ensembles.

Working with various well-known organizations, the Boy Scouts of America, Christian Young People, the YWCA and the YMCA, have been acting as a group to promote the development of a more wholesome center life for youngsters.

For public benefit, ground facilities located along Baird's creek are being used as a picnic, concert, golf and a general recreational area. Athletic centers are provided for the younger generation at firebreaks and recreation halls.

Although faced with inadequate funds and equipment from the WRA, the Community Activities division has organized various recreational cooperatives through which necessary funds are being raised to carry on the work. Certain portion of the fund raised is being kept by each of the different departments. The remainder is being turned into a general reserve fund, accounts for which are kept at the Co-op office.

Carrying out an extensive recreational program, the Community Activities division established a program with ingenuity. This group unselfhishly gave its time to sustain and enlarge the program to what it is today.

The evacuee deparmental staff consists of Masaki Ichien, superintendent of arts and crafts; Jyotaro Kohigashi, manager of sports; and Shig Ishii, chairman of entertainment.

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