Out of the desert's bosom, storm swept with wind and dust;
Out of smiles and curses, of tears and cries, forlorn;
Mixed with broken laughter, forced because they must;
Toil, sweat and bleeding wounds, red and raw and torn.
Out on the desert's bosom -- a new town is born.

Dust clouds, like brown smoke, rise and swirl and blow.
From hidden lairs in icy crags, towering high,
Like hungry pack of wolves, the gale sweeps low,
Fangs sharp and bared, shrieking to the sky.
The guardian peaks emerge, serene and high.

Summer with long, parched nights and days;
And heaven's bowl a shimmering blue of heat;
The thirsty hills are choked. The sun's hot blaze
Before encroaching autumn, once more retreats.
King Winter reigns upon his icy seat.

A year is gone. A quickening in the air.
The desert stirs beneath the freshening rain.
The scent of sage, the wild rose perfume rare,
The tumbling brooks break forth in glad refrain.
Another spring -- perhaps new hope, new life again.

As one of the biggest news events of 1942 the Japanese evacuation was thoroughly covered by all the press news gathering agencies as well as by special writers from newspapers and magazines. Manzanar, as the first of the relocation centers, was especially thrown into the limelight as attested by over a dozen thick volumes of clippings collected from nationwide sources. Following are some of the pertinent extracts from newspapers in all the various sections of the U. S. which followed the establishment and growth of the center.

"... Evacuation Work Well Done ..."
Sacramento -- Ten inch editorial commended the Army on its quick and efficient handling of the Japanese evacuation also the "cheerful acceptance" of their fate by the Japanese themselves." -- Sacramento Bee, June 9, p. 20.

* * *

"Japanese Girls Still Play Ball . . ."
Sacramento -- Three column picture by AP photo showed members of the Chick-a-Dee team at practice in Manzanar Relocation Center -- Sacramento Bee, June 25, p. 23.

* * *

"Japanese at Work for the U. S."
San Francisco -- Fifty-two inch feature story by Lawrence E. Davies with six photographic illustrations of Japanese evacuee life at Manzanar. The proposed work to be done at other War Relocation projects where the evacuees "will be the instruments through which a reclamation program planned for completion in two decades may be well on the way to realization in two or three years, or less . . ." Location and description of sites given. Personal history of some of the evacuees cited. -- N. Y. Times, June 21, p. 14, Mag. Sec.

* * *

Summary of the News at Manzanar
Work speeded on camouflage nets. Two hundred workers active on projects. Shipments made regularly.

Classes in junior and senior high school English, science, foreign languages and other courses begun June 22.

Two supplements in Japanese characters now appear in each issue of the Manzanar Free Press. -- Inyo Independent (Independence), June 26, p. 1.

* * *

Guayule
Guayule plantings now in bloom. Dr. Emerson of Cal-Tech anxious to have additional plants set out. -- Inyo Independent (Independence), July 3, p. 1.

* * *

"Seeks Japanese Crop Aid"
San Francisco -- "Olson to ask Army to suspend evacuation pending harvest . . ." -- New York Times, July 7, p. 21.

* * *

"Manzanar Free Press Makes Debut"
Independence -- Written and edited entirely by Japanese, the Manzanar Free Press, previously mimeographed, became a full-fledged, thrice weekly printed newspaper on July 22. Printing costs will be financed by national advertising, and the Manzanar Community Enterprises will manage its business department. It is printed in English. -- Inyo Independent, July 24, p. 1.

* * *

Victory Garden Results
"Three thousand crates of vegetables are expected to be produced within the next month from the three-acre Victory Garden . . ." -- Inyo Independent, Sept. 11, p. 6.

* * *

Manzanar New
Feature story. "1,000 laborers leave Manzanar to save sugar beets . . ." Distribution of workers given.-- Inyo Independent, Sept. 25.

* * *

Director Appointed
"Appointment of Ralph P. Merritt as director of Manzanar Relocation Project was announced yesterday by the WRA. Merritt's appointment was disclosed by Dillon S. Myer, national director of the WRA, who is in San Francisco for conferences with local WRA officials . . ." -- S. F. Chronicle, Nov. 27.

* * *

Soldiers Halt Disorder
"Authorities enforced martial law at Manzanar . . ." -- Chicago, Ill., News, Dec. 7.

* * *

Riot . . . One Killed
"The Japanese relocation center (Manzanar) here was under martial law today . . . " -- Boston, Mass., Herald, Dec. 8.

* * *

"Evacuation Center Disturbances"
"Some news analysts believe it is most unfortunate that it was necessary to invoke martial law at the Japanese evacuation center at Manzanar . . . in order to quell a riot . . . The reason these news analysts believe the occurrence is unfortunate is that it will be used by the Japs in Japan or Japanese-held territory as an excuse to inflict added punishment on American prisoners . . ." -- Ariz. Republic (Phoenix), Dec. 8.

* * *

Letters from the People
Seattle -- Harry M. Myers refers to an editorial printed previously, saying that it was unfair to the "loyal American citizens of Japanese ancestry . . . The fact that we are at war does not justify abandonment of democratic processes . . ." -- Seattle Post-Intelligencer, Dec. 14.

* * *

Let the Public Speak --
Editor: ".. . When I am convinced that Japanese children were responsible for Pearl Harbor, then I'll quickly change my views . . ." stated Chet Merritt in the Santa Rosa Press Democrat against the tempest which rose over suggestion that Christmas gifts be sent to Japanese children in camp.

* * *

"Some Japanese Loyal"
"Dillon Myer, head of the WRA, who has charge of 110,000 persons of Japanese blood, says he believes most of the ones born in the U. S. are loyal to this country, and applauds the Army's decision to accept some of them for military service. He says the FBI has checked up on those who are "potentially dangerous" and that they have been removed to internment camps operated by the Army. Myer dismisses the pro-Axis riots at Manzanar and some other centers as demonstrations of "emotionalism." -- Eureka, Calif., Times, Jan. 31.

DESERT SCENE: Looking down on the bleak site of future Manzanar before construction began. Reservoir pictured in foreground is source of water supply for the center. -- Cut courtesy L. A. Daily News.

by HELEN AOKI

THE ONCE-LIVELY voices that had swept the streets of the Japanese communities were practically nil. The dark streets were darker, and the ancient architecture of the local business houses was distinctly moribund. Only ghost towns remained, standing out in the sudden quiet that pervaded their loss of occupants. Clearance sale signs, closing out signs, and large bulletins on the Japanese exodus glared into the empty streets. In San Francisco, a Japanese book store on the corner of Buchanan and Post was stripped of all signs of activity, except for the farcical farewell inscription painted on the windows by the owner: "Closing out all goods. Nuts. Closing. See you in. Owens Valley. Fooey!"

With relative outward calm thousands of Japanese families on the entire Pacific Coast had prepared for the mass departure to the various reception and relocation centers.

Evacuation Proceeds

When the United States Army announced the evacuation order on March 5, 1942, three months after Pearl Harbor, three widely-separated groups were immediately involved in a network of relationships. To the U. S. Army, the order signified a directional move in line with military safety and necessity. To the estimated 110,000 citizen and alien Japanese, the order meant breaking up of home and wholesale transplanting of life to a new soil. To the citizens of Owens Valley, the evacuation purported the establishment of a Japanese camp in their midst, the very sound of which was distasteful to them.

However, through the efforts of Geo. W. Savage, co-publisher of the valley paper "Owens Valley Progress-Citizen" at present serving as lieutenant in the Navy, the early antagonism among valley citizens was tempered. Savage, Assistant Project Director Robert L. Brown and Project Director Ralph P. Merritt were the local pioneers in the beehive of official activities that burdened the development of the Manzanar Relocation Center.

Brown, representing Mono and Inyo counties, was called into Los Angeles to attend a conference with Army engineers and the Department of Justice, when the site for the first Japanese camp was disclosed. Then followed a closed session called by the Department of Water and Power Commissioners on March 4, when, on March 5, the first official evacuation order was made. On March 12, the Wartime Civil Control Administration (WCCA) in San Francisco was formed as the Western Defense Command agency, with Col. Karl R. Bendetson in direct supervision of the evacuation program. The control of Manzanar was transferred to the War Relocation Authority on June 1, 1942.

Brown, the only appointed personnel member who has been here from the beginning, began work as Public Relations and Reports officer on March 15.

Merritt, originally an agricultural engineer who was the Federal Food Administrator for Califorrnia during World War I, was chairman of the Citizen's Committee, a liaison group for the people and the interests of Owens Valley and the Federal agencies within the administration of the Manzanar Center which was then in process of construction. Although Merritt was not directly connected with the center until his recent appointment as Project Director, the federal authorities had kept him in touch with conditions here and later had appointed him to his present post.

On March 18, 16 men from the Bureau of Water and Power stood on the lonely and barren waste of sagebrush land on the outskirts of Owens Valley, faced with the task of installing power and light for the first hundred evacuees and for the thousands to follow.

What Side Are You On?

In Los Angeles and elsewhere, the Japanese were disposing of their businesses, farms, and property. The issei, pronouncing condemnation on the United States' treatment of citizen Japanese, were in turn chided by the nisei.

"It was expected that the issei would be interned, but the nisei . . .! Do you think you are being treated fairly?"

"No, but we have to take into consideration the possibility of fifth columnists in our group. I think it is a safeguard for both sides."

"What side are you on? Do you still consider yourself a citizen when you don't have your rights and privileges?"

"It's hard to explain loyalty when it appears to be spurned. It's hard to remain loyal to democracy when you have to bear the brunt of it. But it's worth It. That is why we try to help each other and our country by cooperating in this program for national security."

"Do you think it will do you any good? When you are interned, you are just like an alien. It is people like you who should listen to your elders. We know what it is to be treated like so many cattle, to work like dogs so that our children could have a decent chance. You can see they never trusted us. We did a lot for this country, but see what they do to us!"

"Yes, it's unfortunate, but don't you think that things like this happen because no one foresees conditions to prevent them? We have always heard the issei criticize us for our lack of realistic approach to our problems because we don't have the experience that you have had. You have learned through experience the diverse factions that make up the democratic life which made you more familiar with actual democratic practices than we. We can't perhaps deplore our criticisms. But this evacuation may prove to be a blessing in disguise."

First Evacuees Arrive

The first merry outburst of incredulity flooded around them on that cold aft-

BOOM TOWN: Construction work begins on the new town for Japanese evacuees as trucks and tractors level off the ground and army of carpenters rushes building of barracks. Made simply in army style with rough boards covered with tar-paper an average of 39 barracks per day was built keeping more than 900 workmen busy. -- Cut courtesy L. A. Times.

-ernoon of March 21 when 61 men and 20 women stood on the threshold of their future abode. There was nothing on the vast flat land before them except the groundwork of future homes that was having its inception. Within the first range of rough lumber was the skeleton of the simple, crude abodes which were soon to house 10,000 evacuees.

To Teimatsu Ichijo and Arthur Hirano, who have since resettled in Ogden, Utah, and their crew of 33 men fell the task of preparing something palatable from the potatoes and canned stew, hash, corned beef, etc., that were piled up heterogeneously where the police station now stands. Perishable foods like milk were stored in two ice trucks at Lone Pine. Joseph R. Winchester, Chief Steward, who has been here from the start, went into Lone Pine daily with a couple of men to get such food until the ice boxes were installed here. Part of the fun at that time, said Winchester, was carrying 400 loaves of bread in his car for three days.

The mild-looking, slight Ichijo-san spoke with a reminiscent smile hovering over his face.

"When we first came here, this mess hall had no roof, only three walls propped up, no tables, chairs, electricity, or running water. We cooked on one stove in the middle of the room."

"And the water?" I asked.

"All the water used was carried in buckets, pans and what-have-you from a pipe where the administration buildings now stand. The first morning here the water was frozen."

"Do you like to cook?"

"Well--" he began, laughing at me as if I had made a foolish query. "Well, I don't like to, but it's my business. It's just something I do, it's . . ." he waved his hand in a take-it-or-leave-it fashion, still smiling amusedly, and I merely nodded comprehension, although I do not doubt now that he enjoys the culinary trade.

Before living in Los Angeles for the last six years, he had led a sea-faring life, having embarked in the United States Navy as second steward, second class on the Lusitania, bound for Hamburg. With other stewards he planned meals and purchased for 8,000 to 15,000 passengers. Then on a freighter bound for Australia, Java, Indo-China, and neighboring points, he was captain steward. In Los Angeles, he worked in chop suey houses and at the Miyako Hotel.

Facilities Were Crude

When asked why he volunteered, Ichijo-san got a distant look on his face again, and his eyes swept over me with an impersonal glance.

"I thought it would be no use to stay in Los Angeles. After I talked to the Maryknoll Father -- although I am not a Catholic -- I decided to volunteer since I could send for my wife later. My wife arrived in the middle of April."

"Were the other evacuees -- "

"Yes," he interrupted, sensing my question. "They were all of a similar sentiment. We all came expecting no extravagance of outlay, of course."

Like other mess halls of those early months, mess hall 1 served a hungry horde of 800 to 900 persons per meal. The peak was when 1500 evacuees left their dust-laden tracks across the mess hall 1 floor. Later, six mess halls accommodated 3000 people. But still no running water. By April, sinks and sewers were fixed.

The sewer until then had consisted of a ditch, two feet wide and four feet deep extending from Block 1 to Block 6. An amusing incident was told of three evacuees who had become drunk on the way to Manzanar. They were walking around at dusk, having a happy time sobering up when they lost one member. Almost in vain they searched for him, when they espied him helplessly clutched by the ditch which had drenched him badly by the time five men succeeded in pulling him out.

The latrine for both men and women was an ungainly, "portable" outhouse, hooked up and dragged back and forth between the barracks. When, its use was no longer needed, it was dragged up beyond Block 6, carrying a woman occupant who was trying vainly to get out!

The thousands of evacuees who roamed in and out of the mess halls in the early state of confusion soon got the hang of things. Groups of young funsters, and even grown-ups, complaining of beans, or weiners, or hash, made the rounds of several mess halls per meal. To walk a mile or two for a couple or three meals was not unusual, with the usual query, "What did they have at 10?" . . . "Weiners?" . . . "Aw, let's go to 12!" . . . and so forth. The system now requires block residents to eat at their own block mess halls.

In the first contingent was Dr. James Goto who immediately set up an emergency hospital station at 1-2-2 through the help of Dr. John Bowden of the U. S. Public Health Service. Assisting Gogo were Yemi Chuman as secretary and Frank Chuman as medical office manager. Considered a hard worker by his fellow workers, Goto strived to do what he could for the Japanese here. He left for the Topaz Relocation center, Delta, Utah, on January 20, 1943.

Typical of the early evacuees were those who, having lost jobs or seeking adventure in an unenviable situation, had been eager to see what Manzanar was like. Eighteen-year Masumi Kanamori, whose folks ran a hotel in Los Angeles, came with two other school friends, secretly harboring the idea of earning a little money, wanting to take in the new life from the start. How these girls and others took the rugged life is revealed in their early tales of woe. "It was a lot of fun," said Masumi, perhaps summing up the inadequate situation in the most adequate way possible under the freakish circumstances.

The miserable fare on food struck the healthy appetites of the men. Frank Katada, manager of requisition and supplies, who originally volunteered as a waiter, had almost forgotten about that until he was reminded of it. What also seemed at first to be an acute housing shortage was not so. Katada, watching the early growth, said, "It was surprising to see the houses spring up in no time."

Oko Murata, tall, spic and span lassie from Los Angeles, who forsook her secretarial job with the State Highway when the Maryknoll Father appealed to her to help with stenographic work, took one look at the primitive, dust-laden view of Manzanar. "I was simply flabbergasted!" she said. "The first night we had to sleep on cots, but it was so cold we couldn't sleep. We just cried, that's all!"

Miyo Kikuchi, another feminine evacuee, told how they stuffed their own ticks with hay, bracing the "cool brisk Owens Valley breeze," (Owens Valley citizens' own description of our swirl and gale that has done 60 m.p.h., to date). "We waited two hours to have a roof put over our barracks. Still there was a wide crack at the top through which the wind swept in. Golly, it was cold!"

Fred Ogura, Block 1 manager, former automotive dealer in Los Angeles, was serving on the evacuee work staff of the Maryknoll School. When asked by the Maryknoll Fathers to come to Manzanar, his interest in the welfare of young people prompted his voluntary evacuation. Leaving his Caucasian wife in Los Angeles "for the duration," Ogura joined the group headed for Manzanar.

Yoshio Muramatsu, another first evacuee and assistant block manager of Block 1, is symbolic of those who were genuinely interested in helping to build a livable center in this wilderness.

Life Has Its Problems

The substantial forces of life that had been at work since the beginning of the evacuation were evident in the Protestant, Catholic, and Buddhist churches that were organized, in the community activities, instigated under the capable guidance of Axel Neilsen, in the improvised grammar schools started through the anxiety of parents and under the instruction of voluntary evacuee "teachers." The threads of normal life that had been broken with the evacuation were slowly mending. Problems of family and human relations were cared for by the Family Relations Council headed by Mrs. Miya Kikuchi.

One of the chief domestic problems of the early months resulted from inadequate housing. A one-room apartment measuring 20 by 25 feet was shared by two families of eight to ten people who were in many cases total strangers to each other. Voices carried from one apartment to the next; folks tried in vain to sleep while listening to the heavy snoring of strange bed-fellows. Privacy was non-existent, or was gained sheerly through ingenious methods. The situation in the latrines was primitive, with open toilets lined up against a low wall with no partitions between them. Some of the issei, unaccustomed to the sprays of a shower, resorted to laundry tubs until the practice was stopped.

To many evacuees, accustomed to hard labor, both in the agricultural and professional fields, at first found what work there was to be done totally lacking in purpose or stimulation. What work there was, however, was better than no work, judging from the desire of most people to keep going.

Work, sports, and other recreational activities were soon supplemented with the art center with adult education classes, with the opening of libraries, with the establishment of the music center under Dr. Shunzo Mitani's supervision, and so forth. In a measure, the wide opportunities thus opened up for filling in leisure hours answered the needs of the evacuees. The chief temptation, however, which tinted the direction of life for a while, was to defy the watch towers, barbed wire fences, rules and regulations and to head for the mountains, sagebrush plains, and the freedom that was visible. Even the picnics and other concessions did not remove the essential stigma of confinement in cramped quarters and the connotation of life here for the duration.

* * *

Local Government Forms

The greatest difficulty, however, for the evacuees and the administrative personnel proved to be the formation of an internal government. The early sentiment and realization of the evacuees tended toward the desire to cooperate with each other and with the administration in building what they visualized the safest abode for the Japanese for the duration. To create out of their own personal resources of experience, intelligence, and capabilities a model community replete with government, business, law and order, was a goal which issei and nisei alike strived for.

By the middle of April, 1942, the first election was held to select block leaders in the twelve blocks that were occupied at that time. The election followed the usual democratic method and was unique in that for the first time the issei experienced participation in government procedure. The issei and nisei have equal participation in leadership with its attendant responsibilities. When, during the latter part of April, the middle of May, and the latter part of May, the population was brought up to 10,000, block leaders were elected in all succeeding blocks until 36 blocks were represented in the Town Hall Block Leaders Council.

In the meantime, Manzanar's productive life was growing with various projects -- camouflage net project, garment factory, shoyu and bean sprout manufacture, Victory garden, and the guayule project. The net project, started under government war production, was removed from the center after seven months of net manufacture.

Furlough Work

In June, the first farm labor group of about 165 men volunteered for beet thinning work in Idaho and Montana. The sentiment prevalent at the time was one mingled with fear and uncertainty of outside conditions and conditions of work. The total result of this first venture proved favorable, and many people expressed the opinion that the experience had been heartening.

In September, when the beet season again called for workers, about a thousand responded. The concensus of reports from various groups showed that hardships and good fortune had greeted the furlough workers indiscriminately. While most reports were filled with stories of inferior living quarters and inadequate natural facilities, some reports were favored with conditions as they had been stated in the contracts. Out of this experience was realized the need for a group to act as liaison between the workers and the employers.

Political Conflicts

Simultaneously, nisei leaders, sensing the need for an organized citizens' group which would serve as a vital channel for active participation in developing camp life and in strengthening the sense of citizenship, called the first meeting of the Manzanar Citizens' Federation in July, 1942. The response by the citizen residents was overwhelming. The discussion touching on the nisei's duty to the Manzanar community, his obligation in preparing for the post-war period, and his obligation in the war effort, kindled the flame that started a rapid-fire, point-blank and dogmatic argument among three conflicting factions. The points of view were the ingrained sentiments of two World War I veterans, one standing firm in his belief in democracy and in his citizenship and the other embittered over democracy and the evacuation. The third faction was the average nisei, who, with the desire to retain a semblance of democracy and citizenship in the diverse population, had called the Manzanar Citizens' Federation meeting.

They Want Peace

Life in Manzanar continued its usual pace. The surrounding mountains, perspiring snow as the days became warmer, still held the enchantment that distance lends. The canteen, doing an expanded business, in the 8-14 locale, served the horde of softball fans that gathered at the counter after the games. The general store was doing booming

(Continued on Page 13 [15])

RUBBER SOURCE: Sunlight filtering through lath-house on workmen tending young guayule plants gives unique effect. Experimental work in cultivation as well as extraction of rubber from the plant are extensively made. -- Cut courtesy S. F. Call Bulletin.

FOR AN efficient government any community of 10,000 people requires an administrative staff with many departments to carry on the work of everyday routine matter. Manzanar has been fortunate in that the leaders and workers of these various departments have carried out their functions to effect a smoothly running community.

This does not mean that there were no difficulties. Starting from scratch and working under chaotic conditions much of the work had to be tried without recourse to precedents. Squabbles and differences sometimes arose among departments and individuals -- as bound to arise when so many and so much varied personalities were suddenly thrown together -- but these were smoothed over when the betterment of the whole people was at stake.

Although never spectacular the functions of the various departments contribute the very necessary part to the life of the center. The work carried out by these departments since the inception tells the inner story of a birth and growth of a community.

Administration

Working under abnormal conditions created by the exigencies of war the difficult task of a formation of a center to house and feed some 10,000 evacuees fell on the initial administrative staff headed by Clayton E. Triggs. Under his leadership Manzanar was first created as a reception center under the WCCA supervision. With the establishment of the WRA Manzanar was changed formally into the first of the 10 relocation centers with Roy Nash called in to replace Triggs. The recent appointment of Ralph P. Merritt marked the last of many changes in the project head.

The Administration is the hardest and most trying of any departments. To meet and solve all the difficult problems created by the unprecedented evacuation and the establishment of a community was an enormous task. That the center is now functioning smoothly is a creditable reflection on the sincere efforts of the staff.

The present staff is headed by Ralph P. Merritt, Project Director; Robert L. Brown, Assistant Director; and Edwin R. Hooper, Senior Administrator.

* * *

Community Welfare

Delicacy and tact are the primary requisites in the work handled by this department. Organization and supervision of family case work including grants in aide, clothing, social welfare, evacuee storage and freight deliveries, weddings, funerals, YM and YW groups, religious activities and the like keep the workers busily engaged.

Families, separated by the enforced evacuation, were reunited through the efforts of this department which handies all transfer cases.

Christmas in this center was made more joyous for innumerable children through the indefatiguable work of the welfare workers.

Capably headed by Mrs. Margaret D'Ille the staff includes: Mrs. Jean Ramberg, assistant counselor; Mrs. Hatsu Hayashi, office manager; Joe Itano, repatriation; Roy Ito, intercamp transfer; Kakunosuke Arai, Mary Ohashi, and Shig Haito, clothing; Larry Mihara, funerals and marriages; Roy Tashima, Tashi Hori and Kenchi Namba, storage; Yuichi Hirata, YMA; Alice Asaka and Mrs. Miya Kikuchi, YWA; Mrs. Moxley, Red Cross; Mrs. Kiso Naito, used clothing.

One of the foremost aims of the YWA is to build close relationship between groups in the community and with the outside world. The progress of the organization has been gradual but received the support and cooperation of the residents.

The first activity on the calendar was in August which saw the arrival of Miss Helen Flack and Miss Esther Briesemeister, who helped the group out of its infancy. Then the Fall Conference was held with Miss Briesemeister and Betty Lyle, followed by the World Fellowship week with Ruth Woodsman of the World's YWCA and Mrs. Edna Monroe. The White Sierra Conference with Fay Allen's delegation from UCLA met in February.

There are 19 clubs, with 8 in the Older Girls' clubs, 9 in Girl Reserves, the Junior Matrons and the newly formed Jr. Girl Reserves. Staff members are Fumi Shimizu, older girls' secretary, Sally Kusayanagi, girl reserves secretary, Grace Ito, office secretary, Alice Asaka, general secretary, and Yoshiye Yoshimura, social activities secretary.

Meeting on August 20 at the home of Thomas Temple, the organizing committee formulated plans for the YMA. Plans were laid and with the coming of George B. Corwin of the national YMCA, the machinery of organization was set up. Then a staff was brought together, an office set up at 36-15, and a dormitory established in 36-14.

The staff consists of Yuichi Hirata, general secretary, Roy Ono, Hi-Y secretary, George Ono, pioneer and younger boys' secretary, and Tomi Masunaka, office secretary.

The Hi-Y has 38 fully-recognized members. Aims of the group are to help in student government and school activities and prepare for citizenship. Ralph Smeltzer has been advising the organization.

Activities sponsored by the YMA include midget basketball tournament, marble tournament, dances, socials, and joint meetings, while still in blueprint stage are father and sons banquet, lectures on current topics and picnics.

Through the efforts of Larry Norrie of the Pacific Southwest Area Council and George B. Corwin, materials and equipment were gathered. It is hoped that Manzanar will have a recognized branch of the YMA.

Others responsible for developing the "Y" program are: Mrs. Margaret D'Ille, Mrs. M. Kikuchi, Barbara Dougherty and Ralph Smeltzer.

* * *

With the object to help make this center as self-sustaining as possible the Agricultural Division, under the capable supervision of Horace R. McConnell, had a really successful year.

Production estimated at 717 tons of vegetables, melons and fruits was harvested witch the value of $43,500 based on prevailing Los Angeles market quotations. Surplus watermelons (2 car loads) and nappas (3 carloads) also were made available to other centers.

The primary purpose of the first year was to find out the adaptability of vegetables to this climate and soil. Because of the abundance of man power and difficulties in acquiring adequate machinery and equipment the project utilized the use of maximum hand and minimum machine labor. On April 15 the first crew was sent to dig out sage rabbit brush and small willow trees. Ground was broken for the beginning of green vegetable gardens on May 11.

Inasmuch as the land had not been under cultivation for quite a time much work was required to reclaim the land for farming. Approximately 8 miles of ditches were reconditioned and 120 acres on the south side of the center cleared and cultivated. The first planting began May 16.

The rabbit pest menace was overcome with the acquirement of 5 greyhounds and afghans. Recent winter activities included clearing, plowing and discing of more than 300 acres of new land, installing and improving of further irrigation facilities.

Personnel of the project heads Includes: Field Superintendent Yoshio Sugihara, Assistant Katsugoro Kawase and, Field Foremen Noboru Miyamoto, Harutaro Takata, Banichi Iguchi, John Fukazawa, Masanobu Goishi; Joe Kishi, Nursery Foreman; Takeo Shima, orchard; Benji Iguchi, tractors; Kenneth Y. Nakata, diesel mechanic; James K. Shimokawa, marketing supervisor; Frank K. Shimoda, soil analyst.

* * *

Children's Village

Children's Village, the home of 64 youngsters ranging from 1 to 18 years of age, was founded on June 23, with the arrival of the first occupants from the Japanese Children's Home of Southern California, Maryknoll Home for Japanese Children, both of Los Angeles, and a child from San Diego. Later others arrived from the Salvation Army Children's Home of San Francisco.

Comprised of three substantially constructed buildings located near the Hospital it contains offices, kitchens and dining halls as well as the dormitories for the children and adjacent quarters for the supervising staff. Sleeping quarters of the kiddies are sunny and cross-ventilated. The buildings are planned to have windows situated on the outside walls with each child provided with a shelf for his personal possessions. Large closets in each quarter supply the space for their clothing. Education is provided through attendance in the local public schools. The nursery schools are held in the Village.

Attempting to create opportunities for a choice of activities through which they can express their individual interests and talents, hobbies, clubs, and participation in community life is encouraged.

Fundamental duties of house keeping are given to each child according to his age and strength, while the value of money and its uses is taught by means

IRRIGATION: Young stalwarts fixing the first of many long miles of irrigation ditches to reclaim the desert wastes into productivity on the projected farms. -- Cut courtesy S. F. Call Bulletin.

RECREATION: Time off for a little fun after a day's work. In jeans and slacks the youngsters enjoy dancing to canned music in the impromptu barrack dance hall. -- Cut courtesy S. F. Call Bulletin.

of providing each child with some spending money.

A haven for homeless children, it is supervised by Mr. and Mrs. Harry Matsumoto.

* * *

Churches

Religion, which has always been a part of the Japanese life, plays a vital role in camp, regardless of the different sects represented.

The Methodist group was the first to hold a gathering. They met on March 29 with Rev. Frank Herron Smith of the Methodist Board of Home Missions preaching in Japanese and Rev. Hideo Hashimoto speaking in English.

This humble beginning led to the formation of the Buddhist, Catholic and Protestant churches.

Three months after the first volunteers arrived here, the First Buddhist Church held its initial gathering with approximately 150 young people at the morning service and 200 adults attending the afternoon service. Their temporary location was 17-15 and those taking part were Larry Mihara, chairman; Rev. Junzo Izumida, S. Mayeda and Eizo Masuyama.

Since then, the group has expanded and with their permanent location at 13-15, two sects hold their services. The Shinsu or First Buddhist is directed by Rev. S. Nagatomi and the Nichiren or Second Buddhist is headed by Rev. Oda.

At the present time, there are about 1,900 to 2,000 in attendance each week divided into three groups: young children's Sunday School at 9 a.m.; Young People's service at 10; and Adults at 7 p.m. Among the outstanding highlights of the past year was the pioneer day festivities honoring 101 persons over 70 years of age.

The Protestant Christian Church with the purpose "To make God a reality in Daily Living" was organized soon after Manzanar was bullt. In June the Adults' Church Council was formed followed by the YP council. The church was dedicated in August and a mass meeting was held for Dr. Kirby Page. Other outstanding incidents included the organizing of the Young Adults' Christian Forum and the Evangelistic meetings.

The members of the Ministerial Association are the Reverends S. Abe, J. Fujimori, Ichida, Kashitani Naito, T. Nishikawa, Omi, Sakai, Suzuki and Dick Akagi. The Adults' Council is chairmanned by Rev. Kashitani, the YP Council by Hideo Watanabe.

"To enable people to obtain eternal happiness" is the purpose and function of the Catholic church. The first mass was held on March 29. Through Father Clement's efforts moving pictures were brought and shown to the residents. Catechism classes, organization of a library of Catholic books, and the Christian baptisms. Clubs in existence are the Young People's Study Club, Senior Sodality, and the Holy Name Society.

Father Hugh Lavery is Superior, Father Lee Steinback, pastor, with Sister Mary Bernadette and Sister Mary Suzanna.

Community Activities

The necessity of proper recreation in center life cannot be stressed too much. Just as the five o'clock facial gives a girl a moral uplift, so too does the recreation, by providing worthwhlle leisure time activities for everyone in Manzanar. The Community Activities section covers a wide range of functions which embrace an interests, all ages and both sexes.

Conscious of the fact that this essential work presents the finest means of building morale, the recreation department is working to increase its various branches of activities. The department now fosters arts and crafts (including woodcraft, leathercraft, flower making, needle work and several other home crafts), athletics (including all sports for which there are facilities), entertainment and variety shows, hobby gardening, music, Scout and other boys' activities, social activities (including dances, parties, card games, goh, shogi, and others). Several areas have been developed such as the picnic area along Baird's Creek, golf course around the creek area and west of camp. A large athletic center between blocks 8 and 14, another center between blocks 11, 12, 17 and 18.

A few of the major departments started during the past year which played such an important part were the nursery schools, libraries and English and Americanization courses. Nursery classes for children between the ages of three and six were one of the first things the department developed. As for the libraries, it was realized early that the development of a complete library would help to make the stay of the evacuees more pleasant. English and Americanization courses origin dates back in the early spring.

The various aspects of recreation work having proved wholly successful for the past year, the department intends to weed out the trivia that has little importance and plans to bring about a wider operation for a well-balanced program for the future.

The Community Activities section is under the supervision of Axel Nielsen. The qualified staff includes: Aiji Hashii, superintendent of arts and crafts; Minoru Watanabe, manager of athletics; Ray Mochizuki, director of maintenance and ground crew; Roy Nakama, Henry Onishi, Fukiko Komatsu, Joan Nagao, board of directors of Music Hall; Joe Nakashima, assistant district Scout commissioner; Paul Uyemura, director of boys' work; and Daisy Yamada, director of girls' activities.

* * *

Cooperative Enterprises

The success story of the Cooperative Enterprises reads like a fiction story. Beginning with nothing, overcoming financial difficulties, as well as opposition from misinformed and uninformed parties, the Co-op now stands secure on a firm working basis.

The WRA took over the first canteen when the Army Post Exchange withdrew from the center late in May. Establishing credit the store was turned over to the Consumer Enterprises Division. Under the untiring efforts of Dr. William J. Bruce and Lee C. Poole the enterprise flourished and it was formally turned over to the residents as an incorporated Cooperative in September.

Much of the success of the Cooperative must be credited to the efforts of Matsusaburo Shiosaki, Frank Hirashima and Dennis Shimizu who nurtured the early beginnings of the enterprise. Sho Onodera, Koheiji Fujini, Hiroshi Neeno, Taizo Inazu, George Shiino and George Nakatsuka were others of the workers who added their unselfish work. The managerial staff of Hideo Okada, Sokichi Sugimoto, Shigematsu Takeyasu and Henry Ushijima, selected in October, guided and expanded the Cooperative until the following services are now available to the community:

Canteen, Yas Tatsumi and Bob Nomura, managers; general store, Minoru Hori, manager; mall order service, Harry Hotta; beauty shop, Grace Takahashi and Margaret Uematsu; barber shop, Matsukichi Kamo; motion pictures, Seijiro Betsuin; shoe repair, Tomokichi Shibata. A photographic and watch repair service also have been authorized and are now in the process of organization. The Free Press, the center's newspaper, is also supported by the Co-op.

Education

Education Department at Manzanar started in the corner of one barrack in June, 1942. Education had already had its beginnings with the initiation of adult education classes under Mrs. Elizabeth Nishikawa and a registration for summer school under the Social Welfare Division. A. six-weeks summer session was held to provide an opportunity for students to complete credits that were interrupted by evacuation. Nearly 1,000 pupils were enrolled in the summer session classes, which were taught by resident tutors under the supervision of three credentialed teachers.

There were three serious problems to be worked out by the developing Education Department. First, there had to be building space to provide school housing for nearly 2500 boys and girls. Second, there was a tremendous task of recruiting teaching personnel during war times when there is a shortage of teachers. Third, there was the problem of ordering under government procedure the school supplies essential for classroom instruction. The opening of school in any school district requires much work and consideration, even when there are already buildings established, teachers employed, a supply of equipment and textbooks from the last year, and the previous program on which to build. In Manzanar, every phase of the Education Department had to develop and expand simultaneously.

The enrollment now in the city of ten thousand people, 1300 children from nursery through sixth grade, 1400 children in the secondary school from the seventh through twelfth grades, and 2050 enrolled in the adult education program. It may be surprising to know that about 50 percent of the total community population is going to school. There are 140 teachers, and out of this number 62 are appointed, credentialed personnel.

The whole community is interested in its educational system, and specialists of various types are recruited to serve in the adult program and for special contributions on the grade levels.

Manzanar should be proud of its Parent-Teacher organization. A series of meetings recently held covering all blocks included nearly two thousand parents and community leaders. Manzanar P-TA reaches into nearly every family in the community.

Headed by Dr. Genevieve W. Carter, superintendent of education are the following personnel: Leon High, principal of Secondary schools; Clyde E. Simpson, principal of elementary schools; Lois Hosford, vice-principal of the element ary schools; Elizabeth Moxley, supervisor of physical education and health; and Louise Fairman, supervisor of practice teachers.

* * *

Adult Education

Headed by Charles K. Ferguson, director, Adult Education has offered a varied program of academic, cultural and vocational activities for the post-high school people.

A series of public forums on current topics was initiated and followed by Sunday Evening Lectures by the teaching staff and other speakers Organization of the Inter-Collegiate Association under Henry Ishizuka spurred the interest of the college age group and became the favorite rendezvous of collegians. Student Relocation was speeded as colleges throughout the United States sent catalogues, and representatives of the National Student Relocation Council and college groups conferred with students on their financial and academic problems.

The adult carpentry class exhibited and held a sale of modern-designed furniture in November. As interest in vocational and cultural classes expanded the adult education program responded to the needs of the young high school graduates, and the Manzanar Junior College was launched late in January. Frank Y. Takahashi, registrar, Paul H. Kusuda, planning and program, Sakae Hirooka and Chie Okazaki, secretaries, were engaged in administrative duties. Among qualified teachers of junior college and vocational courses were many who held responsible positions before evacuation: Dr. Kenzie Nozaki, guayule; Miss Kazuko Suzuki, English and Spanish; Kazuyuki Takahashi, physiology; Choyei Kondo, current events; Frank S. Shimoda, fertilization; S. Sasaki, carpentry; and K. Yamamoto, tailor drafting.

* * *

Employment

Although starting late, on June 1, the Employment office with Arthur H. Miller as chief fills an important office in the development of organized work effort in the center and outside.

Since its establishment, harvest workers were recruited twice; once in June, the second in September; the census was taken for the entire population and the indefinite leave for relocation was begun. A separate section was opened to handle this work.

Approximately 1200 persons were assigned to jobs where they receive practical training in the work that may prove useful in later times. After the December disturbance, the work program was completely readjusted.

Each month this office takes care of 1000 transactions, which include new assignments, transfers, reclassification and termination.

Until November, the Housing section was affiliated with the department while the Relocation office moved into its new office in January. Other sections are placement, which takes care of all job applications and unemployment compensations as well as maintaining a record of all classifications and ratings, the Registration section, covering the arrivals and departures; inter-center transfers, indefinite leaves and short-term leaves; the Statistical and Occupational section which makes surveys and serves the WRA offices and other government agencies requesting information, keeping account of each individual

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BIRTHS FOR 1942:

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hatsuji Ogawa of 11-7-2, Kenji on 4-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hirauchi Toma of 11-11-2, Yasuhiro Kenneth on 5-15-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Yoshiji Tani of 10-13-1, Hideki James on 5-17-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tomiji Uyematsu of 10-13-2, Douglas Jin on 5-22-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Frank Enseki of 7-5-2, Fred Kazuo on 5-24-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Torashige Kawaguchi of 23-10-1, Robert Katsushi on 5-25-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kichisaburo Terasaki of 23-3-1, Kimiye on 5-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Richard Kondo of 8-6-4, May Mutusko on 5-30-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Henry Murakami of 9-2-4, David Shun on 5-31-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kiyoshi Dick Shiroyama of 10-6-4, Brian Yoshiaki on 6-3-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tomio Harada of 24-10-3, Reiko Suan on 6-5-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hideo Joe Sakai of 9-4-4, June Katsu on 6-6-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. George Kikuta of 6-11-2, Sumi Margaret on 6-8-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Gunji Tonai of 9-5-2, Robert Teruo on 6-11-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Shigeichi Hamada of 9-8-1, Mitsuye on 6-13-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hakaru Ishimaru of 33-6-2, mHideo on 6-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Moyemo Inoda of 25-6-3, Shigeyuki James on 6-23-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Ben Yoshizumi of 6-13-2, Meriko Phyllis on 6-26-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Roy Kato of 21-7-2, Owen Katsuyuki on 6-26-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. William Saburo Yoshida of 10-6-4, Daniel Takao on 7-10-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tadashi Kaizoji of 23-7-1, Mitsuko on 7-12-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Frank Takahashi of 21-4-2, Yoshio Frankie on 7-14-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masaru Fujikawa of 17-5-3, Masami Jerry on 7-27-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Sutematsu Uyeno of 11-3-4, Masayuki on 7-20-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Yukio Okamoto of 18-5-2, Akimitsu on 7-31-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kose Doi of 18-8-4, Teruo on 8-4-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Desaku Furuyama of 34-10-1, Michiko Dorothy on 8-6-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Shigenori Muto of 12-7-3, Shigeharu on 8-7-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kinichi Umemoto of 30-2-3, Janice Kiyomi on 8-7-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Maetaro Yoshii of 31-7-3, Yoshiaki Victor on 8-7-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tamotsu Katsuda of 32-5-2, Leland Mamoru on 8-7-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hiroshi Uchiyama of 33-12-1, Ronald Yoshihiro on 8-8-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Takashi Frank Matsumoto of 30-12-3, Kenneth Takao on 8-13-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tom Isamu Watanabe of 21-8-2, Diane on 8-15-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tom Isamu Watanabe of 21-8-2, Sachiko on 8-l5-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Saburo Hayashida of 3-3-2, Satoru Leonard on 8-15-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Sakaye Kinoshita of 19-5-3, George on 8-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masami Matsumoto of 24-4-1, Jun Mark on 8-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tokuyoshi Henry Kunisawa of 18-3-4, Hiroko on 8-22-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Susumi George Ono of 27-3-2, Fumio David on 8-23-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Ruma Tadokoro of 24-6-4, Hiroko Jane on 8-27-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Hajime Kariya of 11-12-3, Eiko Diane on 8-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Suitaro Okamoto of 10-11-1, Takeshi Floyd on 8-31-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Woodrow Wakatsuki of 16-12-2, George Ko on 9-4-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Sam Hasegawa of 15-6-4, Roy on 9-4-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Jiro Roy Nakaiye of 6-13-4, Masao on 9-12-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masao Hara of 5-2-3, Masamichi on 9-12-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Joe Fujita of 6-6-3, Yasuji on 9-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Zenzo Matsumoto of 4-13-1, Sachiye on 9-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kiyoshi Nishimura of 33-8-4, Yuri Janet on 9-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Keo Oda of 13-11-3, Elma Mayumi on 9-24-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masaji Eto of 34-11-4, Hatsuko Lois on 9-24-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kiyoshi Ishida of 8-10-3, Dorothy Michiko on 9-25-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. David Miyamoto of 25-12-3, John Masao on 9-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Takio Muto of 15-8-1, Carol Ann on 9-29-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Jack Kurokawa of 5-3-4, Noboru on 9-30-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masaaki Kato of 18-6-4, James Masaji on 9-30-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kanemasa Ishino of 11-11-1, Yuriko Lillian on 10-15-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kazuo Takade of 10-10-3, Dennis Yoshikazu on 10-15-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Yoneo Sakamoto of 36-2-3, Chigako on 10-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Shigeji Tomita of 36-4-2, Sunao on 10-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Henry Morikawa of 17-9-4, Janice Emiko on 10-21-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Marasu Kawase of 12-10-2, Emi Marie on 10-27-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Yoshio Yoshihiro of 20-9-2, Robert Masaru, Jr., on 10-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. George Narikawa of 34-11-3, Akira on 10-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kazuo Henry Fukuhara of 33-3-2, Yoshino Grace on 10-29-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Iwao Shigei of 10-1-2, Kazumi Carol on 11-7-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Koichi Teranisi of 27-1-2, Yoshiko Helene on 11-8-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Richard Izuno of 12-11-1, Michael Richard on 11-9-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Niichi Matsunaga of 30-10-4, Mitsuo on 11-9-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masuo Kodani of 35-4-5, Jun on 11-12-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Saichi Kakami of 32-13-2, Juichiro Elmer on 11-13-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tomoichi Sansui of 22-13-2, Akira on 11-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Tom Nishida of 15-10-2, Elaine Katsuko on 11-17-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. George Fujimori of 26-14-3, Glenn Yoshikazu on 11-18-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Shigeru Nakamura of 21-12-5, Katsuyuki Garrett on 11-23-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Isao Motoyama of 35-4-2, Tadashi on 11-27-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Masahichi Fujii of 33-13-5, Kiyoshi Craig on 11-28-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Shoji Spencer Matsui of 17-4-4, Masako Faye on 11-29-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Asamu Tanaka of 32-7-1, Noriyuki Roger on 11-30-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Yutaka Teramoto of 4-12-2, Kenji on 12-6-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kojuro Harry Fujino of 16-7-1, Barry Harumasa on 12-8-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Sam Toshikazu Minami of 11-11-5, Toshiko Mabel on 12-9-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Kei Kimura of 5-7-3, Wayne Keichi on 12-10-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Toshimitsu Tommy Yoshihara of 31-11-3, Yukio Norman on 12-14-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Aproniano Eder of 9-9-5, Vincent Edward on 12-16-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Toshio Eddie Miyamoto of 6-7-2, Howard Masao on 12-17-42.

Born to Mr. and Mrs. Toshio Jimmie Nagao of 9-14-3, Masaru Nagao on 12-18-42.

and family through charts and graphs.

Placement manager under Chief Miller is Harry S. Shimada with Mary Wada as placement records manager; the Registration section is headed by Mrs. Welter Heath; the Statistical section is managed by Kay Kageyama, assisted by Floyd Fukiu. Statistician is Victor Yokota; occupational coder, Toru Haga; interviewer, Daniel Aiso; draftsman, George Ishizuka.

* * *

Appointed Personnel

The Appointed Personnel Department headed by Assistant Personnel Officer Mrs. Elsie M. Eades, takes charge of all selections, appointments, assignments, attendance records, leave procedures and keeps the records of all persons on the employment list of the appointed personnel.

The expansion of the department began in December of last year and at the end of February, the 130 on the list increased to 225. A large scale recruitment took place for teachers, new appointments were made and are still anticipated.

With the 48 hour week in effect, all appointed personnel work on a full schedule with overtime pay.

* * *

Fire Department

A record hard to match by any community is the rightfully proud boast of the Manzanar Fire Department. Fire loss for the past year has been less than $25. This is attributed to the department's fire prevention measures and residents' fine cooperation.

With one piece of apparatus borrowed from the U. S. Forestry Service, the Fire Department was organized on March 23. On April 1, Ralph D. Feil was appointed as Fire Chief and he secured the apparatus now in use. In August, Feil was transferred to the Public Works Division and Frank E. Hon was appointed by the WRA. Ira L. Carpenter later joined him as assistant. Both men arrived here from the Los Angeles Fire Department, each having more than 20 years' experience.

The two Fire Protection Officers are ably assisted by Fire Chief Robert A. Kubota, Assistant Chief Mas Hondo; captains, Tom Kamachi, Sam Matsuda and Hideo Nakashimo; assistant captains and engineers, Paul Tanaka, Barry Tamura; assistant captain, Tom Takahashi; engineer Takaji Goto, assistant engineers, George Matsuda, Mas Kikuta, Mas Tanibata; Matao Toyoda, maintenance.

* * *

Fiscal

One of the most difficult to handle as well as the most important departments both to the WRA as well as to the residents is the Budget and Finance Division. Taking care of all budgetary and fiscal matters, which include the all-important cash allowances, the department has to figure accurately all monetary matters.

Headed by R. C. Boczkiewicz, principal fiscal accountant, the staff includes: Joseph W. Carney, auditor; George Weber, budget officer; Roland J. Sanger, junior fiscal accountant; Arthur J. Muir, cost-accountant; Clyde R. Berriman, junior cost accountant; Illene Hetzel, payroll clerk; Thomas Higa, auditor of evacuee payroll; Mary Kakoi, payroll clerk; Peggy Tsuchiya, paymaster; Fred Fujimoto, head timekeeper.

* * *

Guayule

Guayule project has come a long way since April, 1942, when the waste cuttings and seedling culls arrived from the Salinas nurseries. Since then, lath house and propagating beds have been built at the southwest corner of camp, chemical laboratory in Ironing Room 6, cytogenetics laboratory in the hospital, field plots located at various points in and around camp, and Ironing Room 35 is being converted into a breeding laboratory.

Experiments are being made on the extraction of rubber from guayule cryptostegia, and other less promising rubber bearing plants by a new and rapid method developed here. Samples of these tested rubbers have been vulcanized in Los Angeles, and proved to be of good quality. Valuable results of more technical nature have also been obtained.

Through experimentation it was found that Salinas strains of guayule are capable of surviving winter at Manzanar, but Texas strains proved to be hardier. Evidence up to the present time indicates that under climatic conditions at Manzanar, Texas strains are superior to Salinas strains in rubber formation.

Dr. Robert Emerson, of California Institute of Technology, is one of the leading workers. Dr. Genevieve Carter, local superintendent of education, recognized in the guayule project a chance to develop scientific work and educational opportunities for the Japanese here.

Scientists from Stanford University, University of California at Los Angeles, and Berkeley, and California Institute of Technology, have been visiting the guayule project in increasing numbers.

Under the direction of Dr. Kenji Nozaki, the scientific work on guayule is being carried out along with the nursery propagation and field work supervised by Walter T. Watanabe, while breeding and flower biology is led by Masuo Kodani, experienced geneticist and cytologist.

Hospital

Since the inception of the emergency unit, the Hospital has served as the fountain head for the welfare of the community. The growth of this department has reflected the growth of the center and the manifold services the personnel renders, springs from the WRA policy that each evacuee shall receive the best of medical care.

On March 21, Dr. James Goto, Fumiko Gohata, R.N., and Administrative Assistant Frank Chuman, were appointed by the United States Public Health Service with instructions to set up an emergency Hospital unit to care for the welfare of the evacuees under the WCCA. One bare room in block 1, building 2, was furnished with five hospital beds, and operating table, instruments and drugs. There were no toilet facilities, wash basins or sterilizing equipment. The three evacuees were joined by Dr. Yoshiye Togasaki and Mrs. Terue Yabuki, R.N., on the 25th and Aiko Hamaguchi and Setsuko Hachisuka, undergraduate nurses on the 31st.

Nine patients and 251 out-patients were treated before the end of March and the medical staff was augmented by the arrival of Dr. Masako Kusayanagi, Yone Akita, R.N., Yaeko Munemori, T.N., and four undergraduate nurses. Dr. Y. Kikuchi took care of emergency dental cases with only a few available instruments. From its two apartment quarters, the hospital moved into one barrack which was partitioned into an operating room, pharmacy, laboratory, X-ray room, sterilizing room, ten-bed unit and equipment room. Then four more barracks were acquired to care for contagious disease cases and in-patients. By the end of April, there were 954 out-

SMOKE-EATERS: Manzanar firefighters in their daily training practice. The fire department has made an enviable record holding down fire losses for the entire year to less than $25. -- Cut courtesy of L. A. Daily News.

-patients, 70 in-patients and surgical cases.

Public Health operation began and inspectors saw that the barracks were properly cared for by the evacuees and everyone given instructions on sanitation.

While working in cramped quarters in May, the Hospital personnel was assured by Lieut. Gen. John L. DeWitt and Colonel Bendetson, that the construction of the 250-bed hospital would be speeded up. Carloads of equipment and supplies arrived, were carefully checked and placed in the proper places. Then on July 22, the entire department transferred to its new location, in the vicinity of Blocks 29 and 34. Since all details were planned beforehand, the movement was completed in one day and all work functioned without trouble. With the arrival of Doctors Teiji Takahashi and Tom Watanabe, the heavy load of the first doctors was relieved to a certain extent.

In October, Dr. Morse Little arrived to take charge as Project Medical Officer with Nursing Director, Gertrude Wetzel and three others to increase the personnel which, up until this time, was all Japanese. A Crippled Children's Conference was held with Orthopedic specialists to examine the children for skeletal and muscular deformities; courses for nurse's aides and orderlies were held and lectures given to undergraduate nurses preparing for examinations.

The new hospital covers a floor space of 57,087 square feet, with an administrative building, doctors' and nurses' quarters, seven wards, kitchen, laundry and boiler rooms and a morgue. The administrative building includes the ear, nose, throat clinic, surgery, laboratory, pharmacy, X-ray and business offices. With eight employees in March, the list has grown to 402 at the end of January of this year.

* * *

Dental Clinic

Even with the rationing of sugar and the shortages of candy, cakes, and chocolates in the center, the residents of Manzanar have had to keep that date with their dentist. He may not be welcome when their teeth are not aching, but the gremlins of pain and suffering keep them trotting to the Dental Clinic, often enough to keep the staff constantly on the run.

The main Dental Clinic is located at the Hospital with the branch at 7-8-1. The staff has taken care of 13,402 cases, many of them two or more visits. Cases treated were extractions, incision of abscesses, gum treatment for pyorrhea and fillings.

The personnel consists of Dr. Yoriyuki Kikuchi, department head, and doctors Y. Nakamura, F. Iwamizu, C. K. Nagao, Y. Nakaji, T. T. Okuno and dental technician, Toizumi.

* * *

Housing

Contributing an important and essential factor to the operation and organization of the center, the Housing Section began operation on the very first day of inception.

From that day in March when the first volunteer group reached Manzanar to the latter part of May when the last group arrived from Florin and Elk Grove districts, the department was busily occupied at all inductions of the evacuees, assigning living quarters, issuing blankets, cots and straw mattresses.

Between inductions they were instrumental in effecting the adjustments in living quarters necessitated by family and personal conflicts. The Lodging Crew, part of the Housing Section, was kept busy helping in the moving of personal properties. The Barrack Checkers, another department, was also busy checking daily to ascertain that all residents were accounted. They also had to take inventories of government property.

One of the hardest assignments completed by the Section was the adjustments of the sizes of the apartments to enable all families and persons to be given equitable amount of living space. This was accomplished to the satisfaction of the majority of the residents despite criticisms and opposition presented by a small minority.

Among the regular routine of the department is the daily check on the population, the issuance of moving permits when it is justified and space available, transfers of personal property, issuance, pick-ups, and exchange of government issues.

Under Edward G. Chester, superintendent, are the following: Shigeru Kobayashi, assistant, Taizo Inazu, manager of deputies; Erich Hayashi, manager of supplies and distribution; Roy Osajima, foreman of lodging crew; Shotaro Matsumura, foreman of mattress factory; Kiyoko Sakakihara, interviewer.

* * *

Legal Aid

With the handling of all legal matters of the center in their hands, the office of Project Attorney and the Legal Aid Section leave a busy year behind them. The following problems received their attention and aid: insurance, divorces, guardianship, probate matters, condemnation proceedings, old-age insurance, law suits, leases, contracts, assignments, wills, power of attorney, judicial committee hearings and wage claims, due and owing.

Robert B. Throckmorton is Project Attorney, Henry J. Tsurutani, Director of Legal Aid; Yoshio Marumoto and Hanaye Ichiyasu, supervising clerks.

* * *

Mail Delivery

Unsung heroes, they may well be called, for they are the ones to whom residents look forward each day. Despite ferocious winds, winter's cold or summer's heat, these mail carriers and the personnel of the mail delivery department untiringly expend their energies, to insure the safe delivery of mail to the Manzanar residents, day in and day out. They bring good news and bad, parcels and money, lifting or lowering the spirits of those who have little to do but wait for news from the outside and other centers.

Established on April 1st, the Manzanar branch postoffice was given the stamp of approval with the visit of Mrs. Mary D. Briggs. During the first days the six employees on the staff were taxed to the utmost, with an average of 3,000 outgoing and incoming letters, and $400 to $900 maney orders per day. Parcels averaged 20 sacks. The residents stood in line for hours to receive their mail since no policy was set concerning the carriers.

Then on April 23, Neeno was named Mail Co-ordinator and all persons on the outside were instructed to include block, building and apartment numbers on mail to Manzanar. Unaddressed letters and magazines flooded the office; carriers were taxed to the limit.

At the present time, the daily distribution of letters amounts to 1500, parcels 350, registered letters, 10; money orders (outgoing) $500.00.

* * *

Maintenance

The largest section in the number of sub-departments and employing the greatest number of workers, over 500, is the Maintenance section. Although their work is mainly routine and unspectacular, the everyday job of keeping the community running smoothly is in their hands. From the unappreciated garbage and latrine details, the oil crews and the boiler engineers, the ground and rake gangs to the custodians and janitors, all stem from this section.

With Herbert F. Thorne in charge of the section and Fred Stiegelmeier, assisting, their field covers the following departments:

Electrical, Ralph D. Feil, chief electrician; carpenters, Katsumi Nishikawa and Akio Ujihara, foremen; boilers, Harry Hayashi, foreman; machinists, Frank Nishioka, field foreman; Homer Kimura, shop foreman; steam plant, Matoshi Sakamato, senior operator.

Stove crew, Hideo Suenaka, Roy Tashiro, Yoichi Iwamasa, Harvey Akie, foremen; oil crews, Hisayuki Ogimachi and Joe Nakai, foremen; tin shop, Masao G. Ikeda, tinsmith; plumbers, Gunichi J. Watanabe, foreman; grease crew, Kametaro Mizumoto, foreman.

Garbage, Naoyoshi Adachi, A. Sekine, foremen; trash, Gengoro Yamada, Yuzo Ohno, Frank Nakagawa, Minoru Tanaka, foremen; ground and yard maintenance, Henry K. Yoshinaga, foreman; sewage, Jiro Matsuyama, sanitary engineer; rake crew, Yutaro Kaku, Iwao Matsumoto, Misao Ishikawa, foremen.

Water, Katsunori Kawaguchi, foreman; custodians, George Numasa, foreman; emergency, Seigora Murakami, Tanzo Fujita, foremen; water barrels, Frank Nishimura, foreman; office, Geo. T. Ono, chief clerk.

* * *

Manufacture and Industrial

The manufacturing division headed by H. R. Haberle, superintendent, not only takes charge of the industrial end in the center but it has done much in training the evacuees in the different projects now in production.

The first factory to get under way was the garment factory. Its purpose is to produce all types of clothing that are in demand in Manzanar as well as in other centers. It is doing its share in teaching the personnel the various phases of garment production. It was begun in warehouse 23 in May with approximately 10 persons who did all the sewing on small portable machines or by hand. Warehouses 30 and 31 were acquired in September and reconditioned, then machinery was set up. Since the official opening which was on November 1st, aprons, towels, camouflage masks, shirts, pants, blouses, uniforms and coats were produced.

In charge as floorlady is Taye Jow, designer is Fumiko Hayashi, cutter Bert Miura and stock clerk, Toshimasa Nagao. There are 38 power machine operators.

"Shoyu," or soy sauce, a necessary commodity of the Japanese began production in November to supply the center and other centers in the future. Since production began, 2000 gallons per month has been the total but since January this has been increased to 5,000 gallons. Foreman of this project is Nobutaro Nakamura.

The bean sprout project was begun the latter part of October with production averaging 1600 pounds weekly. The foreman is Shigeji Tomita.

With most of the tools and machinery installed, the Woodcraft project is about ready for production. Samples of toys have been made and machine tests are in progress. As soon as more tools, machine parts and raw materials arrive, the shop will begin to function. The project has for its purpose, producing toys and novelties, as well as training men in the use of wood working machinery. Henry T. Murakami is foreman, Albert R. Nozaki, senior craft designer, Ray Komai, craft designer, Harumi Komai and Lorna Nozaki, painters.

Other departments include sewing machine repair with Carl Kurata, supervisor; typewriter repair, Carl Kondo, supervisor; machine machinists, Hidekichi Hiroshima, supervisor; alteration and special orders, Yone Sawa, supervisor.

Projects contemplated are the ceramics with George Stanicci as foreman; "tofu" project with Henry Toda, foreman; and the "miso" project.

* * *

Mess Division

Primary requisite of all human beings, that of simple, everyday eating, is the problem faced by the Mess Division. Handicapped by an exact budget the problem of feeding 10,000 people daily is complicated still further by shortages and rationing. To meet all these and still give the people a well-balanced, nourishing diet is the responsibility handled by J. R. Winchester, chief steward, and his staff.

The opening of the first kitchen in March marked the first step of a series of difficult assignments. As fast as buildings and equipment were available other kitchens were readied until the completion of the present organization was accomplished on October 18.

Helping Winchester in the smooth functioning of the division are: M. L. Harbach and E. A. Prentice, associate stewards; R. F. Geweher, butcher; Masao Takigawa and Masao Hagihara, personnel superintendents; Ben Yamada, steward; Shigeto Matsuda, assistant; James Tanigawa, chief supply clerk.

Kitchen chefs include: Temachi Ichijo, 1; Tetsugi Takeuchi, 2; Bunjiro Yamada, 3; Eikichi Takahashi, 4; Teruichi Inukai, 5; Tsugio Tateoka, 6; Shinichi Asanuma, 8; Sannosuke Yamashita, 9; Songo Koda, 10; Ichiji Tanaka, 11; Naosuke Kamigoshi, 12; Kaname Tokaji, 13; Uichi Izumi, 14; Eihachi Shigemori, 15.

Katsuye Cho, 16; Joe T. Tanaka, 17; Alfred Adachi, 18; Nobuzo Fujimoto, 19; Janji Yamamoto, 20; Kiichi Sakai, 21; Kenichi Ikeda, 22; Yoshito Yonemori, 23;

(Continued on Next Page)

VICTORY GARDENS: Smiling young lassies do their share in the war effort by using their spare hours to grow extra vegetables in their little victory plots. -- Cut courtesy Glendale News-Press.

LETTERS AND BONDS: Long lines are formed at the postoffice by residents eager for letters from friends as well as those investing in war bonds and stamps. -- Cut courtesy L. A. Daily News.

23; Tsuneichi Nakaji, 24; Masunaga Middo, 25; Otoichi Fukushima, 26; Jack Isotani, 27; Kijiro Kirino, 28; George Ishimaru, 29; Yonekuzu Matsumoto, 30.

Saichi Yamamoto, 31; Eikichi Motooka, 32; Mack Fujii, 33; ToKuzo Nakane, 34; Kenzo Nagano, 35; Tomio Naito, 36; Saburo Hagiwara, butcher; Shizuo Mitsuhata, charge of vegetables; Takashi Momiyama, hospital; Rinzo Yamada administration; Kansuke Uraguchi, relief.

* * *

Police

With the purpose to maintain peace and order in the center, the Police Department was organized in mid-April with a membership of 115 on the force. Originally located at 7-1-1, under the WCCA regime it was headed by Police Chief Kenneth Horton, Assistant Chief Lloyd F. Day and Captains Williams, Sturdevant and Newton. In July the department moved to its present location at the entrance of the center.

Revision of the police personnel was made following WRA supervision. Willard E. Schmidt and John W. Gilkey were appointed and replaced the former chiefs. After the new officers took charge the department underwent a complete revision. Classes in criminology and traffic were started to teach the men fundamentals of police work. The Police Department's building also went through a complete remodeling. Cells were brought in for the jail and a squad room was made for the patrolmen and offices were constructed to accommodate the officers.

In November, Chief Schmidt was appointed National Director of Internal Security Division of all the centers. Assistant Chief Gilkey was promoted to replace Schmidt and Captain Williams was given the assistant chief berth.

The police force is headed by the following: Chief of Police Kiyoshi Higashi, Assistant Chief Ken Ozeki, Captain Bunkichi Hayashi, Lieutenant (traffic) Yoshio Ishida, Lieutenant (investigation) Harry Okamuro, Lieutenants Henry Kinoshita, George Endow, James Oda; Sergeants Dick Tani, Jack Kurokawa, Frank Kasuyama.

* * *

Peace Committee

Created during the confusing aftermath of the "disturbance" the Peace Committee was formed to help in the task of promoting and maintaining order in the community. Headed by Seigo Murakami, Shigeo Tashima and Tooru Takamatsu, their members are pledged to cooperate with the Police Department in every way but do not conflict with the routine duties of the police force. Most of the members are from the Judo Yudansha Kai.

* * *

Procurement

All authority to make purchases of materials and supplies required in the center and the execution of necessary orders and contracts is vested in the Procurement Division. With such a heavy responsibility, shifted to the local department with the abolishment of the San Francisco office, the department is continuously rushed, despite a materially increased personnel.

Headed by B. O. Wilson, senior officer, the staff includes: J. F. Proff, procurement officer; Fred Ohi, office manager; William Taynaka, chief clerk.

* * *

Property Control

Handling an average of 50 tons of incoming supplies daily for the maintenance of the center, receiving and redistributing all materials and supplies and keeping official property records, is the enormous task of the Property Control and Warehouse Section.

Keeping the work running smoothly are the following staff headed by Paul Lorenzo, Senior Administrative Assistant; Lewis K. Thuesen, Junior Assistant; Lester R. McCallam and Ralph A. Lipson, Storekeepers.

* * *

Public Works

The actual physical work of building and maintenance of the center lies in the Public Works Division. Under Hervey Brown, Jr., Senior Engineer, the division is divided into two sections.

The Construction section, as the name implies, takes care of all building, from surveying, drafting of plans to the finished work. Heading this section is A. M. Sandridge, with O. E. Sisler heading partitioning, lining, plasterboard work; Clyde Bradshaw in charge of roads and irrigation facilities; R. F. Kato, rock work; Procurement Bunyemon Wada, landscaping; Kiyoshi Maruyama and Tom Ichien, surveying; Genshiro Nakamura, drafting.

* * *

Relocation

Almost impenetrable at first, the gates leading to the outside world gradually opened to evacuees. Initial step was inaugurated with an announcement by Dillon S. Myer, national director of WRA, which paved the way for permission to resettle.

Hopes of the evacuees brightened with the arrival of Thomas W. Holland, WRA chief of employment in the first week of September. He interviewed approximately 150 applicants interested in permanent resettlement during his stay. After his departure, Walter Heath of the Employment office continued the work, as more than 250 persons took advantage of the new policy.

The first to leave the center were the 139 volunteers who left in June to work for the Amalgamated Sugar Co. in Idaho. Then 1018 harvesters left in September to join the 58 who remained outside. Out of this total, 183 established themselves in new communities.

Offers of employment have increased with a majority for domestic help, although a few have come in for skilled and professional people. Church organizations have assisted with the program by arranging for hostel groups whose experiments have proved successful. With mass registration in all centers completed, leave clearance procedure is expected to be speeded up.

Formerly branch of the Em-

(Continued on Page Seventeen)

Post Office

Mary wrote a letter
She took it to the mail box
The postman came and took it
He took it to the Post Office
(First Grade)

* * *

Red Cap

Over the mountain there passed a train
And in the train there was a Red Cap
And beside him sat a cat
But what was the cat sitting on?
It was sitting on a mat.
Kiyoko Sakamoto, Age 9

* * *

The Train

Over the mountain over the plain
Roaring, roaring here comes the train.
Through the tunnel over the bridge
Clankety, clankety here comes the train.

Carrying passengers carrying mail
Through tunnel and bridges without fail.
Roaring, roaring here comes the train
Ding dong, ding dong here comes the train.
Kay Watanabe, Age 10.

* * *

Desert Dawn

The prairie is awaking from its slumber of the night,
The purple sage is bending, from the passing night wind's flight,
And far off towards the mountains where the pale peaks touch the sky,
The blushing beauty of the dawn, makes one choke up, and sigh.

The late night owl goes flitting by, among the Joshua trees,
Then merrily the tumbleweed goes racing with the breeze.
And far off towards the mountains where the pink peaks touch the sky,
The sun comes up and beaming brightly proudly passes by.

The prairie sand is sparkling like a mine in wealth of gold
But oh it holds a richer wealth that never will be told. And far off towards the mountains where the bright peaks touch the sky
The color of a turquoise blue is spreading up on high.
Michiko Mizumoto, Age 15.

* * *

Rain

Over the mountain
Over the bridge
Over the river
Here comes the rain.

Going over tunnels
Going over trees
And going over the world
Here comes the rain.
Hiroshi Kikuchi, Age 10.

* * *

Gratitude

O, God!
I thank Thee for the lofty heights
Of mountains draped in gleaming white;
Serene under the touch of Thy hand,
Guarding the valley day and night.
Matsuko Kodani, Age 16.

* * *

The Wind

All is quiet, when
The wind appears and starts
To swishing and swirling around the town,
And shaking and knocking everything down.
But then, all at once, lo! It departs,
And all is quiet again.

* * *

Winter in Manzanar

It's winter in Manzanar,
And stars are twinkling as before.
Beyond the stillness of Manzanar
Lie the great mountains of white snow.
The winds howling disturbs the night
As the people pull their covers more tight.
For it's winter in Manzanar
With the icy coldness everywhere.
Yutaka Nakayu, Age 16.

* * *

Wind and Dust

This wind and dust I have to bear
How hard it blows I do not care
But when the wind begins to blow--
My morale is pretty low.
I know that I can see it through
Because others have to bear it too.
So I will bear it with the rest
And hope the outcome is the best.
George Nishimura, Age 16.

* * *

Brr! Winter

I awoke one night to find myself
Shivering from toe to head.
I felt around, but couldn't find,
A bit of warmth in bed.
I jumped down from the cold, cold cot,
Just frozen to the core,
Then found out why I was so cold.
My blankets! they're on the floor!
Fujiko Nomura, Age 16.

* * *

Clouds

Clouds, how many shapes you have!
You can look like a flock of sheep
Marching methodically across a blue pasture,
You can look as soft as the fluffiest puff
Daintily dusting sky's serene cheek.

Clouds, how many moods you have!
Your eyes can shoot sparks
Brighter than the gigantic fireworks on a fourth of July,
You can sob as a broken-hearted child over a broken toy,
I've seen you whipped till you raced frightenedly across the field of crystal blue.

Clouds, from whence does your beauty come?
You are white as the mistiest veil of a beautiful bride,
You are like a stately queen
In her robes of royal purple lined with gleaming gold,
You can fade from the softest pink to the faintest hue of blue.

Clouds, where do you go?
You sail a wind-blown clipper on a sapphire sea,
Do you see untold wonders my eyes may never behold?
Oh clouds! When you again sail,
Won't you take me?
Mitsuko Ruby Hori, Age 16.

* * *

By the Hillside

By the hillside I stood.
The night was bitter cold.
The mountains were covered with glistening snow.
The stars twinkled in a clear clear winter sky.

By the hillside I stood.
The brilliant lights shown
Calmly upon Manzanar
There was no sound of life.
But only a blustering
Sound of the winter wind.
Irene Misutani, Age 17.

* * *

The Peak

Beyond the clouds away up high
Looking downward from the sky
Proudly stands the snow-clad peak
Like a picture photographers seek.

He watches the troubled world go by,
And sometimes sighs a weary sigh.
He has nothing to say at all
For he is just a mountain tall.
Tsugimaro Sakata, Age 17.

". . . 'member all those swell times we had way back about this time last year . . . fried chicken, steaks every day, butter and sugar, cook and devour anything the little heart desires . . . see the latest in movies . . . all for a bit of work" . . . and that takes in all the gossipy furlough news, even now . . . O what wouldn't I give to lead the life of a homesteader . . . I mean his righthand man, in short, a plain laborer.

THE ART TO SLIMNESS

They asked us how we got so thin, working out on the beet-fields . . . Now I'll tell . . . it wasn't the labor so much as the way we packed ourselves in. . . eight of us in two single beds. The food we enjoyed but the expression "flies in me zoop" was more than a true axiom. . . not in our bowls but in our mouths. . . We also know what Little Willie went through on his rugged Boy Scout excursion in manhandling and getting the best of the ole antique things they call stoves.

VICTORY STYLE

For bathing we claimed the best . . . the backdoor creek plus the automatic washer ... when the moss covered base made it possible to take your three unnecessary dunkings now called the Victory bath ... up, down, and out.

Get the most food value is a rule we never failed to observe. Yep, relax and eat. We always thought the meal tasted much better with the cool breeze fondling around with our tootsies, coming up from the holes in the floor we forgot to patch. Yes sir, the best of lighting facilities. . . lighting anyway, until the only candle flickered its last goodbye.

It gave us a certain amount of satisfaction (when we couldn't possibly get a ride to town) to stay home on Saturday nights after nursing and handling sugar all day long, but sometimes yearned to handle them at night too. . .and it was even better when you got paid for this kind of work. We can't forget the relaxation the radio provided, by no means, for this was our constant companion. . .we were always delighted to hear even the static for soothing the nerves, which ran a second best in competition, next to the fairer sex's constant chatter we've endured so long in camp. . .and the "mooing" of the cows.

TWO COMPLAINTS

They told us to get up at the crack of dawn but we didn't believe it until it was a regularity to wake up at the crack of 2 in the morning too, and it was not what you're thinking either . . . guard our peaceful nest of angels against all those wild animals and livestock. . .The other is that we blistered our school-girl hands doing an overdose of the la conga on the board, washing those bloo zoot soots once every month.

One consolation is the remaining fact that someone back home misses you. . . to rush home for your monthly letter and only find it to be your Uncle Sammy remembering you . . . with a draft notice.

When I first saw and heard her, the color was flushed up in her face, her fists clenched. She sounded like she was really angry with me. As I watched her every day, I noticed that she developed in mind as well as in body. It was about a month ago that I gave her a penny. Before I knew what happened she was out of the house. When I finally caught up with her she was holding the penny tightly in her hand and was running towards the Canteen.

The only thing that does her harm in living here, is the lack of knowledge of the outside world and all the fun she misses. The only home she'll remember is a one-room house accommodating seven people. The only flowers she knows are the artificial ones. Little does she know of the fun we used to have at the beaches and the mountains.

Sometimes I envy people who do not have to watch a little sister or brother, but I can't im agine how dull life would be without her.

Meiko Kami, Age 13.

When I lived on Terminal Island, I used to go to and from San Pedro High on the ferry. On a rainy day I walked down to the ferry landing and boarded the ferry. As the boat was about to reach the opposite landing, we all got excited, and I was on the railing of the ferry. As I was ready to jump to shore, I slipped and fell headlong into the choppy channel. As I was on the surface of the sea, I immediately let go of all my belonging and made a surface dive and swam under the boat to the back. If I hadn't done this I would have been crushed to death and would not be able to relate this experience to you now.

Ritsuko Hoshizaki, Age 16.

HAIL TO THE VOLUNTEERS

With the publication of this special Commemoration issue of the Manzanar Free Press, we salute the original volunteers who arrived on this former barren and desolate soil of Manzanar on March 21, 1942.

Local county papers wrote about the spectacular rise of this strange mushroom city. Within a few months after the first handful of evacuees arrived, a population peak of 10,000 persons was reached. The first of the reception centers to be established, Manzanar (formerly Owens Valley Reception Center) became a relocation center under the new WRA. To date 10 such centers have been constructed for the housing of Japanese from the many reception centers on the Pacific Coast.

It was a new experience for all of us. We hope it will never have to happen again. For the majority of us, we have learned lots of things. Easy going collegians sprung into adulthood over night.

LITTLE WILLIE

Little Willie feeling mean
Fed his sister Paris Green
As she lay in agony
Willie boy was full of glee.

It was in the Nov. 14 Saturday issue of the Free Press when Little Willie was born. It was then that Little Willie shot his sister rat-tat-tat.

OFF THE RECORD

Who was the person who told us this one: "What do robbins eat, Mummy?" "Worms, dear."

"And what do worms eat?" "The dead robbins, darling." . . .And when pop said, "Here comes the parade, and auntie is upstairs waving her hair," sonny boy replied, "Gosh, pop, cant we afford a flag?". . .A lady went to a photo studio and asked the man if it was possible to enlarge a picture of her late husband as well as to take his hat off. The photographer was overly gracious and stated, "We can remove the hat from the film, madam, but what was the color of your husband's hair?" She replied sharply, "Don't be silly! You can see for yourself when you take his hat off." . . . "Why don't you stay away from those places?" said the guy as his gal told him she got her nose broken in three places . . . "Oh, doctor, I'm so scared about the operation scar; do you think it will show?" "That young lady, is entirely up to you.". . .

LOCAL SUBJECTS

Wonder when Mas Tanibata will fork over the $4 that we won from him in a bet?... . Same goes for Sam Aoki. . .And was it Sus Yokomizu who asked if shorthand could be taken down with a long arm? . . . The only thing that Ken Ozeki can take down in short-hand is the famous "three little words." . . .

THE MEMORY TRAIL

There's memory trail that winds away
From someone's heart to yours today
A friendly trail of tender thoughts
All fragrant with forget-me-nots
Across the miles with friendship true
I take the memory trail to you.

--E. V. Bramerd.

IN THE LAST 10-1/2 MONTHS

It was in the last days of April that we hit Manzanar, but we've observed lots of things (some unprintable) since then. . . People coming into camp, people resettling, boys going out on furloughs to the beet fields, boys coming back home and all things that war can't stop such as births, deaths, love, marriages, etc.. . Nature did her share by capping the mountains with snow, blowing our famous dust from one end of camp to the other, forming ice everywhere, shifting our cold, stiff wind from north to south, and south to north.

Forever left imprinted in our memories will be the weinie bakes by the cool, clear creek, press prom, dinner dances, new friendships, long days, Indian summer, and crispy bright nights.

A typical day meant getting up just early enough for breakfast, dashing (?) to work, lunch time with a slough of friends, chinning at the canteen, back to work, and home. Many spent leisure time crochetting, knitting, woodcarving or drawing, while social events hailed the young set to the Evening Under the Stars, talent shows, shindigs, and movies.

SOLITUDE

Laugh and the world laughs with you;
Weep and you weep alone
For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth
But has trouble enough of its own.
Sing and the hills will answer
Sigh it is lost on the air
The echoes bound to a joyful sound
But shrink from voicing care.
Rejoice and men will seek you,
Grieve and they turn and go
They want full measure of your pleasure
But they do not need your woe
Be glad and your friends are many
Be sad and you lose them all
There are none to decline your nectared wine,
But alone you must drink life's gall.
Feast and your halls are crowded
Fast and the world goes by
Succeed and give and it helps you live
But no man can help you die
There is room in the halls of pleasure
For a long and lordly train
But one by one we must all file on
Through the narrow aisles of pain.
--Ella Wheeler Wilcox

SCATTERBRAIN DE LUXE

Maybe this has happened to you, too. Anyway, one beetle-brain was playing the piano with great gusto. He played continuously hour after hour, and finally the second dope got pretty tired of it. He got a fiendish idea like Dagwood (Not Hashimoto) does every once in a while, and decided to cut off the fingers of the pianist. So he did and left. Everything was quiet for some time, but again the music started. The second moron thought a while and then thumped the table with his hand and said. 'By golly, I know why, he plays the piano by ear.'

Since all the Kernels have gone to war, someone tells me that popcorn will be unavailable for the duration. . . also that doctors are smart because they have inside information . . . that a girl married a second lieutenant because the first one got away . . . and a girl ghost slapped the boy ghost because he tried to pitch a little woooo . . .that the hubby told his new bride to plant some bulbs in the garden and almost immediately made her replace them in the bridge lamp . . . oh yes, and there was the moron who cut off his arms so's he could wear a sleeveless sweater.

TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS

All newspaper offices are supposed to have their own collection of boners turned in by their respective reporters. The Free Press is no exception, and the following will show you why. Writing about the ouiji board, one copy read, "Four persons are seated around the card table with one leg up". . ."established for a worthy cause, these lectures will be the means to raise a scholarship fund for worthy students to continue their education beyond the night school level" . . . "saw many washed-out brides" for "washed out bridges" . . .

Seated comfortably in a Manzanar home made easy chair, I found myself browsing but oftentimes reading discriminately the old copies of the Free Press through the mimeograph on to the streamlined printed edition.

Through the portholes of Manzanar, which has been our battleground for the preceding year, passes a glorious year of sports which bring memories destined to remain forever with us.

THE MARCH OF THE WORKERS

To be exact, it was on April 11th that the sports in stride with the editorial section made its debut in Manzanar. Yours truly was responsible for some of the injection that went on the last page at the outset. Softball was at it's height then and all games were played just outside of the press room. A few strides and I was there to cover the game.

BLINKY AND PIERRE

A few weeks hence, personable Jimmie Hashimoto transferred from the editorial and was christened on this section. Incidentally, Jim and I are the only two out of the six left from the historic "le premier pas" of the paper.

Following up Jim, who is the present Associate Sports Editor, jocular Peter Ohtaki refreshed the staff. His title was Chief Sports Reporter until he left for Hunt Relocation Center with the Bainbridge gang. And oh how we miss that fellow! His friendships were the real thing, they are not glass threads, but the solidest thing we know.

NOB, SHIG AND YO

And there was a time when roving Nob Myose was taking the brunt of the work as legman and did a swell job. Up to the time when fever hit us, Nob worked with us but he has since retired to do something worthwhile...church work.

Then came quiet Shigeo Minabe, a graduate from Unihi, who gave the younger kids a break with his breeze. He too has retired and if you happen to be near kitchen 24, you'll see this young man doing his bit to please the hungry folks as renown Senior Cook.

If by chance, you need a helping hand, "hands" Yo Hara will be at your service. This second generation sensation formerly worked on the press art section but now he's a responsible make-up man on this page. A whizz at writing in a hurry.

CHICKlE AND YUKI

Glamour was always with us, what with Chickie Shiba bedecked on the staff. She covered the gains and shorts section as editor. She now enhances the business sector as "white-collar" secretary.

With a call for girls sports writer, delectable Yuki Odahara reported and soon after took over Chickie's big job. Talented, she was certainly an asset to the staff. And as the press goes to bed, she is well in Kalamazoo, Michigan, doing her lovely best to write love stories aside from her domestic work.

And now, on the briefs:

FIRST SPORT

Baseball was the first of the renaissance of sport among the Manzanites. Whichever way one travels across the dusty fields of Manzanar, one bumps into a softball game -- that was some 350 days ago but at the present writing, basketball has jumped into the forefront in sports. It would be mild to say that confusion reigned during the first year. Ups and downs, bets, lopsided odds were found to be plentiful.

JACKPOT LIFE

In our jackpot life here in Manzanar, recreation is the one thing the youngsters turn to. There's no other way to turn other than to sports, and without some sort of activities, in growing ennui may lead to complications.

And as I mentioned before, that hoodlums are, born of idleness, of misdirected energies, it is to corral this unbounded energy that our recreation plays such an important part.

Even before the sports department began writing the crowded fourth page, athletics began booming. With Recreation introduced to the young sports champions of Manzanar, an intensive program of sports was laid out.

A FINE BODY

Now, with a fine body of leaders, Recreation is pushing forth with more ego the sports activities at a rapid pace. Min Watanabe, our able athletic director, has a responsible staff in Toshi Terasawa, Joe Okabe, Shiro Nomura, Shig Okada, and Kow Maruki. Paul Uyemura, former director of sports, is now coordinator of young boys' and men's activities. A fine addition to the staff.

PRIORITY HITS HARD

With priority to work against, extensive facilities and equipment are still in the blue-print stage. But in spite of shortages in many lines of sports equipment, last year was by far the best year sports ever has had in the industrial recreation. Manzanar had one jump on the outside sports world, there was no transportation problem.

ONE CODE RULE

All this hub-hub of having an Amateur Athletic Union should once and for all solve our athletic problems, solidify and promote to the betterment of sports.

A union of interests resulting in unity of aim and governed by one code of rules will be our AAU.

The union collaborating with the Recreation department can pledge its best efforts to constantly improve our sports, to make it active and safer. The members must support the interest of the organization in the development of this much needed stronghold.

To organize this union may still be another talk but there's no harm in looking forward to it to materialize and try our darndest to get it out of the blue-print stage.

FRIENDLY GESTURE

One of the finest gestures was extended on the part of Lovell's people in sending an invitation to play basketball to the Heart Mountain center against their Lovell Westwood Indians last month.

Mayor Frank Brown extended the invitation to play at Lovell high school gymnasium in an exhibition infantile paralysis benefit basketball contest.

With what scope of information yours truly has on hand, this marks the first opportunity that the residents in the center have had to meet the outside people on a friendly basis.

Incidentally, the Heart Mountain All-Star hoopsters bowed to the classy Lovell outfit, 46-22, in the first outside encounter.

Immediately following this tilt, the All-Stars received an invitation from whipped the Byron Independents. The locals whpped the Byron team in a 40-37 thriller.

THIS IS THIRTY

With this proud Anniversary number, we find ourselves turning another leaf, beginning another year. And so this year, more than ever, the sports staff will try to capture pungent comments, features, and results and pen them on paper while the dew is still on them...

HOOP SPORT: Although lacking maple floors and regulation equipment the casaba pastime is very popular with over 100 teams organized. A typical scene showing action on the homemade outdoor courts.--Photo by Bob Brown, Staff Photographer.

By Jimmie Hashimoto, Yo Hara, Peter Ohtaki, Yuki Odahara

WITH THIS LEAF of anniversary dedication, memories regarding passage of time, comes of bygone days and of the wild jumble of progress one year prior to date...in retrospect, our overnight movement for better changes...the adventurous voluntary unit that began to set a foundation for recreation. Since the first of the contingents that arrived in this wasteland trade wind channel in that first of the ten chain settlements...the boomtown that mushroomed beside the picture famed range of the Nevadas.

THE FIRST IN MANY WAYS

The initial debut of the mimeographed edition of the camp publication marks the period from way back in Spring season. . . April 11 to be exact, thereby paving precedent in so many things. On the following day, our magic city of Manzanar swung on its recreation chassis to have its first baseball activity . . . there was a lot of hustling in preparation for this occasion, as recalled from the Uyemura brothers, who also set a first in the bungalow monikers known as the "Giants" . . . As others that gave up their private ways of living, Paul Uyemura, formerly from elaye and accepted recreation director from Li'l Tokyo, rendered his services here and assumed the Men's Athletic Director duties. Endless days labor of draging, scrapping a crudely made but effective leveler brought about a smooth surface, finally giving birth to our first baseball battleground. It was where the present administration now stands. Then we cooked up the first unfamiliar match in baseball . . . so the North side gang played the Southerners . . . all of which meant that the rugged Giant killers were to hand down a favored verdict over the Bainbridge Islanders. Big names to appear into our small press weekly found Teraji, Tuck Uyemura, Yamane, Kadowaki, Tamaki, Kunitani and "Salty" Taketomo rostered on the star-studded, super-dooper Giant lineup while the Bainbridge Yankees feathered their faith behind power postmen in the trio of Okazakis, Koba, Nagata, Terayama. Even at that early date, the two "stand-outs" posting pennant colors were the Giants and Montebello-Pedro combine of Gophers.

BASEBALL NOT THE ONLY THING

Aside from the daily activity of diamond dust, other flashes that took a major chunk of prominence in the sporting field were: weightlifting, table tennis, sumo matches, a dab at track which turned out to be a floogie, due mainly to too much of chamber of commerce's climatic wishing's and sandy hinderance.

The strangeness of camp life had no effect on the progressive program, and it wasn't long before "muskeled" marvel's added magnetism with barbells.

The first of this diversion was staged May 12th when the Venicemen downed the Mayors somethin' like 2525-2215, made in the usual events of the press, snatch and clean 'n jerk. Surprises do happen . . . even here, when all proportioned physique's were seen struggling to master. . . small, lanky, beanpoles, telegraph poles, barrels and of course, some of the more magnificent types alias the feminine "awh'er's" . . . all more than able to boost a par to a couple of bean sacks. But we're convinced that they're nuttin' but softies compared to that of the older isseis who in their prime, used to perform unbelievable feats such as challenging gravity with three to four sacks of "kome" single-handed . . . well sir, after that one, "weuns" are ready for anything . . . Burly Samsons made rather acceptable records in their second contest . . . names of C. Okamoto, G. Okamoto, T. Ajisaka, G. Hashimoto, T. Goto, I. Okamuro, T. Ukita, G. Eguchi, M. Sakai, Shig, Hank and Tad Tanaka, T. Kanegai were a few of the top contenders who highlighted majority of the contests. One negligence was the "Mr. Manzanar" competition that was intended for a New Year inducement by enthusiasts, and would have been very pleasing to note just who the perfect male is in camp . . . active clubs were the Mayors, Venice Barbellers, Southern Cal and Westelaye . . . a survey revealed about two and a half tons of priority barbells in action . . . invitational meets of such nature were held continuously for some time before it was dropped as participants were swept in baseball fever . . .

TLICKY PEEPLE

The art of self defense . . . how to wingle wangle wiggle was taught by genuine instructor's and not through catalogue lessons. Two of the best, formerly from the elaye district, S. Murakami

GREAT AMERICAN PASTIME: An easier version of the great American sport of baseball is enjoyed by the smiling girls. Over 180 boys' and girls' teams participated in softball last season. -- Cut courtesy S. F. Call Bulletin.

and S. Tashima, fifth and fourth rank respectively, offered to pass on knowledge of judoism to the novicemen. . . progress was like a rolling stone, registration began in May and terminated in August . . . more than 500 youths signed for dojo practice. . .about that time, a judo area became a reality and was initiated with a formal ceremony. . . as this program shifted into action, it was on heavy day and night schedule... ah but, what fine headway the furlough bug didn't break, for the next couple of months were silent chapters.

HARD PREPARATION, ONE MEET THRONG TREATED

After absorbing a slack period, following the finals of softball, the idea of taking in the cinder season passes as almost just that. . . three weeks preparation and the bottom fell out...so we had merely one trackfest and wound up a wonderful season with one . . . all events were booked as Manzanar records . . . Speed demon Yas Tatsumi and "Kow" Maruki are privileged owners of two apiece...100 yd. dash -- Y. Tatsumi, 10.2; 220 yd. dash -- G. Higashi, 24; 440 yd. dash -- I. Mikuriya, 65; 880 mtr. -- Takahashi, 2.24; 1 mile -- no record. In the field events, A shotput -- S. Nomura 50' 6-1/2"; broadjump -- Y. Tatsumi, 20' 7-1/4"; hop-step-jump -- G. Maruki, 41' 6"; high jump -- Maruki-Ichien tie for first, 5' 6" . . and that's how it ended . . . Suggestion for a via Air Mail track meet blew in from the Chiquita center, but due to the forthcoming time marks that would result from the two uncomparable cinders, Manzanar's athletes failed to concur.

IT WAS THE IMPOSSIBLE...ALMOST

Hot days, holidays, Sundays and every available spare time was spent in clearing the still untamed soil . . . a difficult task was conquered by the golf addicts as they whiskered off the dense sage brush on the south side of camp . . . this was accomplished mainly with the aid of the Army cable trucks... . the troops emerged from under the brush, tramped back to camp looking more like men from Mars... something you've never seen and about as black... thus was the beginning saga of the Manzanar golf course . . .

The initial tourney teed off when the majority of the camp eligibles were away in the beetfields . . . it was T. Hori, formerly from the city, who took the first, putting around on the newly constructed 9 hole sand lot . . . only sixteen particiated for this scratch affair . . . Harry Oshio came in second with brother Mike Hori in for the show ticket . . . The same Mr. T. Hori trekked out in the early morn dew on the date of November 12, to again take the medalist honor, shooting 71 for the second scratch fray to finish the '42 year....

After a Happy New Year, the club got under way, having its elections, registering members, outlining by-rules, etc. . . . James Goto, medical director, the honorary chair . . . bi-monthly tourneys were slated . . . In the next fair way contest, it was Kaz Hori, who emerged the winnah over some 50 entries . . . Frank Yamato copped the one-round handicapper on the same day . . . Kay won the most recent putting incident . . .

FIREWORKS NOT MISSING

Even though the customary noise making devices were missing last July 4th, there were more than enough fireworks when the star-studded American and National league line-ups collided to inaugurate the initial all-star game to be held on our dusty grounds.

About this time before taking time out for the holiday battles, the leaders in each respective league were the Aloha Ramblers in the American, just a half-game ahead of the trailing Gophers, the San Fernando Aces who were having an easy time of it in the National circuit, the Island Marlins in the International race, the Has Beens in the Manzanar loop and the Pedro Pirates who were on top of the Owens ladder.

THRONG TREATED

A large portion of the camp population which witnessed the first All-Star event was not disappointed by all means as the American aggregation led by keystone sacker Tom Higa's five hits, one of which won the tussle in the final frame, won over the National brigade by a 7-6 count on that memorable Independence Day. The National group backed by such five-pointers as the two Hinos, George Shimizu, Louie Sugawara and Sam Hasegawa were held to 8 bingles by the winners' pellet twirler, Tak Taketomo.

The following day found the old hickory stick and the horsehide in action again as the International and Manzanar outfits clashed to determine who was going to offer the competition to the American leaguers. All the former had to throw at the latter was pitcher-slugger Ben Taketomo and "piano-fingered" Harry Tashima and the game was in the bag for the International force, 8-3. Duke Murata's flawless fielding that afternoon was also worth mentioning.

A.L. MEETS MATCH

Then came the final climaxing diamond fest which had the favored American nine meet a spectacular International ball team only to be upset with the same Taketomo and Tashima doing most of the handcuffing. The two winning chuckers limited the opposing enemy sluggers to two measly safeties with many of the Americaneers going down the whiff route. And that was that.

TEAMS CONCLUDE SEASON

After that brief "vacation" the members rejoined their teams and got down to completing the races in their respective loops. A few rapid passing weeks and the champs were known. The San Fernando Aces convincingly showed that they have some of the best ball players in the business by walking off with the National crown dropping just a single tilt throughout the season. The No. 1 spot in the American standing wasn't decided until the final fracas when the Pedro Gophers walloped the Ramblers to fill that vacancy. The International title was nabbed by the Marlins while the Has Beens encountered no trouble in the Manzanar jaunt. The youthful Pirates walked home with the Owens' goodies.

THEY TRIED ANYWAY

The long reigning sport of baseball was given that added golden finishing touch when Manzanar's Little World Series featuring the quintet of champs was played off in an attempt to decide the one and only camp title holder. It started off rather successfully with the San Fernando Acemen tumbling the Marlins in the series opener and the Gophs edging the Pirates in the following contest.

Hiram Hino & Co. made it their second win using the Has Beens as the victims in a 5-1 drubbing. It was next the Marlins who rode the victory cart with Kaz Kawachi at the reins. Although his wildness allowed 5 runs the Pirates did not register a single hit off the lanky deliverer. The Aces and Gophers then met in what was supposed to be the main bout until an unfortunate incident occurred that halted all series' progress. It was announced by the guiding department to recrown the five original loop holders -- all blessed with champ honors. Thus one of this camp's major sports dropped the curtains ending a season of remembrance.

BRAWNY BICEPS FOR LITTLE BALL

It was the strength of the mighty Manzanar tanned biceps that the first volley leather was served over the net in decisive fashion, dating back to a Saturday afternoon, October 17th.

Leading the parade of potentials in the Owens League were the Oliver Broncos outclassing the mediocre Manza-knights in a two-gamer. Tabbed the dark horse, the galloping Gaels rode through an easy set when the Padres failed to make a showing. The youthful Dusty Niners found the Girls All-Star to their liking as they shook the dust from their heels.

The favored Manzanar league Scorpions with Sano Bros. and force were handed their first set-back in their initial appearance. Lei draped Aloha Ramblers flattened the Platter Turners. . . Rangers were victim No. 1 for the Vandals . . . unknown Buckeyes shoved the Pages for their first loss.

OLIVERS HANDED LOSS -- CROWN

As the season progressed the Busti' Olivers guided by 'Moose' Sasaki in the front line attack, twin dynamos, Toru Shimizu and Duke Murata in the back field set-up has a neck 'n neck race with the pillars from the block 12 region, namely Pete and Paul Takeuchi, Taxi Kishi and George Okamuro who were forced to relinquish the title to the Broncs for the Owens crown. But youthful Dusty Nines hauled in a .714 per centage and were responsible for the Broncos' sole loss. Knights' Terasawa, Hochi, and Onodera fell below par to show a .429 season average. Other non-potentials for the title were the Gaas, Stars and Piutes, the latter who went the entire schedule winless.

BUCKS RIDE IN WITHOUT A LOSS

It was the Buckeyes' Tashima, Hattori, Adachi trio which made way for a defeatless schedule and undisputed possession of the diadem in Manzanar competition. Slated pre-season favorite, Ramblers were unable to hurdle the Scorpions and the Bucks to draw a tie for place position in the final standings. The Scorpions who commenced the league competition with a loss to the Squires and were dropped by the top flight Bucks to display a .714 average. Platter Turners, Rangers, Vandals, and Pages completed the league round-up with them coming in that order.

THE STAR PILLARS

The All-Stars ran something like this:

MANZANAR ALL-STARS
Harry Tashima -- Buckeyes
Ben Adachi -- Buckeyes
George Hattori -- Buckeyes
Tom Iga -- Ramblers
Burt Miura -- Ramblers
Tak Taketomo -- Platter Turners
Kenji Sano -- Scorpions
Shoji Sano -- Scorpions

OWENS
Hiro Sasaki -- Broncos
Toru Shimizu -- Broncos
Jimmie Yamaguchi -- Broncos
Moto Shimizu -- Skippers
Elmer Hayashi -- Skippers
Pete Takeuchi -- Bel Aires
Jim Kishi -- Bel Aires
Sam Hasegawa -- Gaels

GRID LOOP FILLS CALENDAR

With King Football the top attraction over the country, Manzanar had its share in hi-lighting this sport in a 135-pound limit, eight-man touch football loop under the wing of Tosh "Timoshenko" Terazawa, early in November. With six outfits in the loop, the season passed with colors.

Perhaps the height and weight wasn't what coaches considered ideal, but certainly, fans as well had a glimpse of what speed and agility, could do example? The champion Leftovers, not the heaviest octave in the league, displayed something more than just the fundamentals. V for versatility was Duke Murata, who did everything but make the ball talk.

But getting back to the gridiron, interest grew too late when beet workers returned only to find the league in its closing phase. Attempts were made for a heavier loop, but Idaho-tanned athletes were reading about the post-season New Year's attraction on the outside.

ALL STARS LOSE, 13-0

Speaking of bowl classics on New Year's, the champion Leftovers and the All-Stars were matched for the final holiday attraction. The Stars with a few rehearsals failed to click and the Lefties found paydirt twice to cop a 13-0 game. This marked the first of New Year's Dust Bowl.

LEFTOVERS CLIMAX SEASON

With Yoro Shishido, Jim Yamaguchi, Happy Horii, H. Maruyama, Barney Yamamoto, Pear Fukunaga, Duke Murata, Toru Shimizu and Coach Chink Ishida making up the Leftovers' roster, it took little trouble for our femme sport editor at that time to pile her stakes for the outfit in pre-season prognostications. Standings showed the Leftovers with 5 wins, no losses; Venice Locomotives coming in second with 3 triumphs, a set-back and a tie.

LITTLE SIX ALL-STAR NAMES THREE LEFTIES

Here's three reasons why the Lefties took the title; Yoro Shishido at end, and the Murata-Shimizu backfield combo.

RE -- Y. Shishido -- Leftovers
LE -- H. Kikuta -- Bombers
RG -- T. Okamoto -- Locos
LG -- J. Iwaki -- Knights
C -- J. Okamoto -- Knights
B -- D. Murata -- Leftovers
B -- T. Shimizu -- Leftovers
B -- G. Okamoto -- Locos
B -- M. Imai -- Knights

SHISHIDO LEADS FINAL SCORERS

You couldn't keep the Lefties out of any of the columns, but then that's what made them champions. All-Star Yoro Shishido led all point-getters, to taling up 51 markers. First four leading scorers read:

Name -- Team TD C FG TP
Y. Shishido (L) 8 3 0 51
D. Murata (L) 6 2 0 38
T. Shimizu (L) 4 3 1 31
G. Okamoto (V) 3 1 0 19

REVIEW OF GALS SPORTS

Dating back to March, 1942, the first steps were set on the sandy soil which was to be our playground of tomorrow. Space that has become a tradition as much as the coliseum in Los Angeles and Madison Square Garden in New York. The first skirt deals in the horse hide and hickory stick affair were the L. A. Invaders and Bainbridge nine.

THE BEGINNINGS

Led by "Fuzzy" Mizutani the initial femmes' softball league began to roll late in May. Unknown potentials were rostered in both the American league and the National as well.

The American league developed into a one -- man show with Chiyoko Sugimoto garnering the leading role with no possibilities for a stand-in. To make a long story short -- it was the Dusty Chickadees all the way in in the first official Girls' American Softball league.

The National circuit was quite a different story with the Jr. Invaders and 8 Misses and a Hit coming in neck 'n neck for the crown. Spectacular chucking from the educated arm of Haru Hamamoto paved the way for the Misses decisive Bee league title. Jr. Invaders could not be over-shadowed as they claimed runner-up spot with Cecelia Hiraga and Rits Uyeno taking hilltop duty. Taking a second helping of this National pastime, a second round was practiced with the Bee league Champs 8 Misses graduating into the A circuit and the Chicks doing a fade-out act. In the little sister league, the glamorous Star Dusters studded this league's schedules with the previous round runners-up, Jr. Invaders grabbing all honors to easily ride into the championship berth. The second rounder in the American found the 8 Misses the greatest contenders for the crown but this diamond nine began to decompose at the end of the season which proved their downfall and the loss of the diadem. Unknowns' roster was cram full of stars as they edged out the Misses in the last stages of league competition to nab the coveted award.

ALL STAR VS. CHICKS

Sandwiched between the two softball seasons the dominate Dusty Chicks faced the acid test when they were slated against a star outfit on the 4th of July celebration. Versatile Yo Tabuchi did the back-stopping with Termite Frances Tani shooting in the pill. The gateway sack was occupied by Mizutani and Rose Tamai while the keystone was held down by Sox Hasegawa and Grace Odahara. Voted as the most valuable player, Chickie Hiraoka took over responsibilities at the hot corner. San Fernando Teensters' Harumi Hino rounded up the infield at shortstop. Out in the outer gardens found S. Takeuchi of the Termites, sensational Jr. Invader Tak Ando. With such a line-up the All-Star fell shy under the mark, taking a defeat at the hands of the much too dominate Chicks.

The parties who spelled defeat for the All-Stars were speed ball artist Chiyo Sugimoto, Rose Maruki, Misao Sugimoto, Masa Kunitomi, Tomi Nagao, Maye Noma, Pewee Kusunoki, Fuji Kuwa-

-hara and Alice Yamamoto.

VOLLEYBALL SECONDARY

With softball winning the favor over volleyball there was still an unpublicized group that carried on a league with the Termites winning the first A league crown and the Uptown Strutters taking the B. Like baseball the volleyball lovers embarked upon another such affair with the previous league winner battling it out and the Uptowners victorious.

CASABA RULES SUPREME

Taking advantage of the boys on furlough the gals drew up two leagues with Misao Inana guiding it to a grand finale. The American League found the top flight position altering hands from weekend to weekend. It looked like it would be a fight to the finish with the Phi Sigma Kappas and the Dusty Chicks. But a glimpse at season endings found the Chicks and the unpredictable Justameres matching basket for basket.

The fighting sub-debs, Star Dusters were bombarded out of the first spot when the Island Windbreakers took the lead and eventual title in the B league.

Town Scene

It was hot! Manzanar's weather was 110 degrees. The dusty barracks stood frying like brown pancakes in the shimmery heat. Now and then a truck roared by. A soft peal of a saxophone playing "Idaho" came from a distance. Plunk, plunk of the "Go" rock on the board could be heard as two men carefully laid down that previous price. Occasionally one of them drew his tired hand across his perspiring forehead. Then he automatically reached for a rosy-colored glass perched on the steps. He raised the sparkling liquid to his dry lips and murmured:

"Too bad they don't sell beer here." He leaned back in his chair and carelessly threw the rest away.

The girl reading quietly on the shady side of the grass turned when she heard the splash of water. Her brows drew together and she glared at him as it to say that he had disturbed the peace.

The mail boy threw up a cloud of dust as he shuffled along. He was hot and tired. Here, at last, was his last barrack and his last mail for the day.

Suddenly a sound could be heard. The mess hall bells were ringing. The girl gathered up her books and hurried into the house. The two men drew back their chairs, stretched their legs and walked away. The saxophone music stopped. Here and there figures could be seen running down the steps. The heat was forgotten. The people had stretched their arms and moved about. Manzanar had awaken.

Kiyoko Matsuoka, Age 16.

Gracie

Gracie is a little girl in our neighborhood. While her mother is in the hospital her father and she are the only ones home, so everytime she gets a chance she comes over to our house and calls for my mother.

When she comes over to our house she pulls out everything she sees. Mother always says she gets more tired when she watches and plays with Gracie than if she took a walk up to the hospital or somewhere about that far. Gracie likes my mother very well so she tells me to go away when my mother is around, but when mother isn't around she tells me to take her to this place or that place. Her favorite place is the water faucet, if she isn't caught by her father. She loves to let the water run, and stick her hand in and get all wet. Another thing she loves is to go into the neighbors' houses and play with all the different things they have.

Gracie is a very smart little girl, because she knows what is right and what is wrong. When she does anything wrong she knows it before we scold her. No one can really get angry with Gracie, the pet of the neighborhood.

Yoshiye Okimoto, Age 16.

Manzanar, the valley of wind and dust, has taught me something which I never knew.

Every day at the mess hall, at the post office, the canteen, the dry goods stores, and offices, you must always wait. Day by day, gradually I am learning how to become a better citizen of my community by learning to cooperate and await my turn.

Reaching one's goal involves patience and waiting. Wait patiently and look forward to the day which we are all awaiting anxiously -- the day of World Peace.

Ritsuko Hoshizaki, Age 16.

Pre-evacuation confusion of a year ago now belongs in the pages of the history of the Japanese people in wartime America, marking at once the climactic end of a chapter in their lives. The full story of the utter confusion of the then intended evacuees, particularly in the Los Angeles area, may never be known.

Practically the lone ray of hope for them stemmed from the Maryknoll Japanese Catholic Church under the undaunted leadership of Father Hugh Lavery and the priests serving with him. The situation at that time required a non-Japanese, passionately interested in their welfare, to appreciate the impending evacuation. The isseis and niseis, generally, were loath to confront that fact until the reality and the immediacy of evacuation was initiated by the military.

Father Lavery and his associate, Father James Caffry, had conferred with the Army officials and had learned of the imminency of evacuation, and that there remained no alternative, particularly regarding the possibility of all or even a portion of the Japanese remaining within the prescribed military zone. Amid a welter of rumors of all descriptions, the priests urged the Japanese, pleaded with them, not to evacuate on their own, but to await specific government orders. He foresaw confusion and disaster for those who individually tried to flee eastward without adequate preparations.

When Manzanar was selected as the first assembly center under direction of the Wartime Civilian Control Administration, implemented by executive order of President Roosevelt. Father Lavery first sought for volunteers. As many as 25,000 had responded in the first tide of enthusiasm for this venture. Then came the subtle talks discrediting this evacuation plan. Its infiltration through the Japanese communities was almost instantaneous. The number and variety of rumors spread among the people at that time surely was even more fantastic and voluminous than the ones manufactured here or in other centers since then.

The 25,000 dropped to a paltry one-third and kept fluctuating with the successive tides of vicious rumors about what might happen to the evacuees. Manzanar was described as a "concentration camp" worse than "Hell Hole of Calcutta." For 24 hours at a stretch, the priests worked to secure volunteers. On March 12 a group of 100 volunteers out of the 24,000 were asked to come to Manzanar. Only 86 responded, 21 of them woman. They arrived here on March 21. One-thousand were asked to volunteer to come on March 23. Only 816 responded.

Registration was conducted at Maryknoll school. The priests and their few issei and nisei helpers worked for days and nights prior to the evacuation of the first two volunteer groups. It was then that the military decided to declare zones for evacuation, freezing all voluntary movements. Evacuation by groups to Manzanar followed in an orderly manner.

It was the infinite patience and the transcending compassion of Father Hugh Lavery and his associates for the Japanese people which triumphed. We of Manzanar owe him a debt and tribute which cannot easily be returned.

My dog is a real good friend of mine. When we first got him he was a small fat baby so we named him "Husky." He is a Spaniel. He has long ears and a short tail. Everytime he drinks milk his long ears touch the food pan which makes us laugh at him. Husky is now one and a half years old. Every time he eats too much, he sleeps on his back with his stomach in the air. The first time we saw him do this we all thought he was sick, but he wasn't. Husky likes to eat ice cream, candies, steak, pickles and eggs. He does not like fats. I don't know why?

About four months ago my dog, Husky, was here with us but he would wake up very early in the morning about three o'clock and lick us around our faces. He wanted to go outside to play so he had to go home. Husky surely had a sad face when he left us. I am hoping I shall be able to see him again.

Nobuko Sakagoshi, Age 13.

business with its limited merchandise. The people, the vast majority of the stable stock of people, were leading sensible lives and, having adjusted themselves to the general inconvenience, asked nothing but that they be left in peace to maintain the unit of family life that seemed threatened by community facilities.

The Riot and After

This basic calm that Manzanar residents had been enjoying was disrupted unfortunately by the "riot" of December 6, which was aggravated by newspaper accounts that stressed only the sensational aspects of the event. The emotional outburst was an inevitable outcome of the internal strife caused largely by the concentrated nature of the population. The fact that other centers have had strife and difficulties reflects on the basic difficulty of any group to maintain a normal life under crowded circumstances. That the date of the Manzanar trouble coincided with Pearl Harbor, 1941, created in the public press ample opportunity to misinterpret the essential facts. The sheer coincidence in date was, perhaps, the unfortunate aspect of the whole thing.

For a period of two weeks, all activity in Manzanar ceased. Slowly, return to normal life was brought about. Greater understanding between the residents and the administration was gained through the efforts of both sides.

So now Manzanar stands, a year from inception, an isolated barrack town behind the high Sierras, housing 10,000 orphans of the war whose lives are controlled and limited by confining barbed-wire fences.

So now Manzanar stands, a year from inception, an isolated barrack town behind the high Sierras, housing 10,000 orphans of the war whose lives are controlled and limited by confining barbed-wire fences.

A year has passed and spring has come once again to the desert. Life at the center is normal as far as normalcy can be termed in order and quietness. But life in the center -- although not a hardship -- is a humdrum, stagnant affair. Pervading the center is a feeling of restlessness. Gradually many are taking the opportunity offered recently through a new ruling to resettle outside; to pick up the broken thread of former life in a new environment.

Letters urging early resettlement have reached the residents here from people who have already gone out. From Helen and George Okada, who recently resettled on a farm in Emmett, Idaho, came the following:

"My advice to all who can do so, is -- get out and make a new start..."

A year is gone and the initial phase of evacuation is finished. What another year brings none can tell. Many of the residents are apathetic but many more are looking forward to brighter horizons. Their feelings are like those expressed by Shizuo Hori, now attending the Armour Institute of Technology in Chicago, who wrote to his friends:

"Manzanar life is easy but it isn't living...Life out here isn't easy but it's life in AMERICA!"

By Yuki Odahara

March 21 . . . just one year ago the first volunteers cut the tape and took the initial steps in building Manzanar . . . spasmodically the barracks sprouted overnight . . . evacuees poured into Manzanar as the desert sands drifted and shifted hands . . . and it wasn't long before the social butterflies hatched ingenious dances . . . parties . . .and get -- togethers . . . and so the primary stages were formed for bigger and better socials . . .

AT THE FIRST

You'll always remember the protozoan social cradle was rocked . . . sometimes twice a week just for the heck of it . . . most of these were just spontaneous affairs and sans decorations . . . but that didn't bother anyone . . . trucking around in hi-top boots and draped in Manzanar's social fashion scale Mary Wada, Lil Ito, Gene Hashimoto, Miyo Kikuchi floated over to this first get-together . . . then there was Itch Matsuzawa, Isa Hara and Kaz Hara arriving in this desert metropolis to find the barrack without window panes . . . no roof and door . . . but that didn't dampen their spirit as they dozed on the wooden floor on G.I. blankets and a modified bonfire in the middle . . . the next morning found a hole in the floor . . . the mess hall lines . . . portable out-houses and the line that ornamented it . . . cuz of the something new called the "Manzanar run" . . . eating on the mess hall floor and the tin pan . . . the spoons which could very well be used for shovels . . . and the forks as pitch forks . . . and cups that never stayed put . . . and then the food . . . we won't mention . . . no means of bathing . . . no hot water . . . plenty of cold and dust . . . but their hearts were young and they struggled to act as stepping stones for the incoming evacuees . . . all of this and plenty more will always live in the memories of the volunteers . . . hats off to them . . .

THE FIRST BIG SHINDIG

As the camp's elite donned their frills and drapes to jam pack Manzanar Free Press barrack for the very first invitational dance . . . the committee men and one lone miss . . . namely Jimmie Hashimoto, Nob Myose and Shiz Setoguchi guided the blue-bloods . . . decorations . . . lite bulbs dipped in blue ink . . . refreshments . . . and the notorious press room was transformed into the Blue Room with the eminent Joseph Michael Blamey MCing . . . keeping itchy feet from shagging was recording via RCA . . .

SOCIAL BUTTERFLY'S HUNGER CRAVES

Humans continued to boost this mushroom community's population and so the crave for bigger and better and more dances blossomed . . . Nori Masuda undertook the problem of tutoring the young sprouts the latest thing hot off Murray dance floor . . . dance practice . . . dance sessions . . . and just plain dancing prevailed . . . jitterbugging . . . half-time . . . waltzing . . . and fox trot . . . conga . . . rhumba . . . were all generating on the knot hole floors of the recreation buildings . . . Hi-lighting the countless "a-res" were the Sadie Hawkins in June . . . the Victory Dance with the diamond nines answering the call of Dusty Clucks . . . 8 Misses and a Hit . . . Uptown Strutters were dutifully awarded the femmes' baseball and volleyball championship . . . Fuzzy Mizutani and Zombie Nitahara put on a floor show with their version of jitterbugging . . . Kay Shimamoto is still burning about the broom incident . . . and versatile Ayako Tanaka was hailed for the decorations supreme . . . weiner bakes . . . picnics . . . and all sorts of outdoor outings were the thing . . . and reservations for picnic areas were placed far in advance . . . which was Nob Hino's biggest headache for he was then the little-front man for the rec. office . . . then someone got a bright idea and tamale bakes hit a high . . . the Flatfoots are credited for giving the first such affair . . . still remembered as one of the best throw-offs given on the Manzanar Social Register was the Trojan-Bruin affair . . . it was the Sierra Padres helming this gigantic affair . . . Vic Yokota, Floyd Fujiu, Toru Haga, Harry Tashima, Kaz Mizumoto, Freddy Fujiu, Joe Nagano, Hank Ishizuka and George Ishizuka did most all the worrying . . .

TRIVIA AND ETC.

Then there was the "Evening Under the Stars" conducted by Henry Ushijima and his platter turners . . . Yuji Nakamura, Sus Yakomizo, Louie Sugiwara, Sam Uyemura, Mas Nakadaira, Frank Endow, George Fujino, Toyo Miyatake did the back scenery labor . . . these evening concerts became a regular Sunday evening feature out under the breeze, and you and me and them records . . . out on firebreak 10 . . . about that time the weather was close to unbearable and the Bainbridge Island lads practiced nature in the raw by sleeping outdoors nightly . . . While crunching all sorts of canteen goodies Harry Koba, Ish Suyematsu, Kaz Terayama, Satsakuma, Tok Chihara, Ned Nakamura and Toshi Suyematsu were among the many block 3 fresh air . . . pranksters and embarrassing incidents amounted unsurmountable . . . with Mr. Terayama often the goat . . . Camouflage had just about everyone out there in the warehouse region . . . Mits Otsuji, Charlie Saito, Hiro Hino, Noboru Hino and Joe Tee boast of their record which went about like this . . . the last ones to work . . . the first ones to lunch . . . the last ones back to work and the first ones to leave . . . but they were the first to finish . . . they must have been good, huh? . . .

IT WAS THE LATEST THING . . . THEN

Judo was a nitely feature . . . but Carl Yanagi's tale still takes the prize . . . Big Boy Shiro Nomura did the tossing and little Carl was flattened . . . only thing wrong was that the nearby tree came out of nowhere and got in Mr. Yanagi's way . . . about that time of the year the Phi Sigma Kappas' gave a charity dance with proceeds falling into the hands of the community service department . . . the "T" shirt raged furiously and numerous organizations were clad in such identification marks . . . Betty Hashimoto was ornamenting the Police office in the capacity of the Lost and Found Department . . . The Canteen personnel gave a dinner dance (but the press gave the first) and reports had Franklin Hirashima as the great undiscovered crooner of this day . . . Geo. Stanicci went around this place in exotic colored shorts . . . nite-mare confidentially . . . The Senior Prom went over with a bang with Ted Masaoka taking the leading role . . . Dick Matsui was nicknamed "Sweet Pea" for some unknown reason . . . the oil boys down Bainbridge was brighten the head gears with their red hats . . . Jive affair rightly titled was the "Gopher a Jive" and the S. P. Yogores did likewise . . . Henry Kinoshita was acclaimed the perpetual motion when he did the barker job for the Lost and Found Auction . . . boy did he sell everything . . .

ODDS AND ENDS

"Made in Manzanar" donned our mess tables quite frequently . . . and Moonlight Sonata was the victim of Manzanar pear with worms . . . he ate 'em . . . Bob Yonemitsu was the fluky of the Belch at the Concert Club . . . Tom and Mike Zariki, Min Minato, Mary Uyeno, Alice Hoshizaki, Isao Kikuchi, May Noma, May Hoshizaki did a lot of self staged half-timing at the Brother Rats Installation.

JUST ABOUT THEN

The furlough fever was injected into all the youths' blood streams and the Giants and force were Montana bound . . . Shig Okada, Tuck Uyemura, Tish Akahoshi, Thomas Teraji, left, 1000 strong . . . Yoshiko Yonemoto was christened "Bumper" for some reason or another . . . for further information query Dago Shimizu . . . the camp was just about drained of its youthful corpuscles and the femmes did plenty of nothing . . . but write letters. . . . receive . . . and stay at home cuz the weather was cold . . . High school commenced . . . hard workers were Amos Hashimoto, and Moto Shimizu and a host of unknowns . . . all the gals were getting letters about the coming return of their boy friends . . . and then they came back . . . Social activities began to boom . . . the Man-Bombers gave a something or another . . . and then came the Intercollegiate Harvest dance . . . Nob Tanaka made the super posters that decked themselves prominently all over camp . . . Harumi Hino and Tak Kitaoka won the waltz contest . . . Anna Onodera and her escort drew the door prize along with Bob Yokohama and his partner . . . Christmas season brought many memorables and the New Year followed suit . . .

OFF THE RECENT SLATE

The big boys went marble crazy . . . and the smaller tykes took them to the cleaners . . . The Cal-Troy after-game dance finally materialized and turned out to be a post-season dance . . . and the highlight of the social calendar in '43 . . . the Delta Y's Sweetheart Ball was quite the thing . . .

POISONALITIES DELUX

What would Manzanar be like without . . . Alice Yamamoto and her loose tongue lingo . . . Gophers without a winning casaba quintet . . . the canteen without genial Kay Hirashima . . . a celebration without Margie Shimizu, her highness . . . the Star Dusters lacjing in spirit . . . the Hara sans the latest Harry James recordings . . . Helen Nakachi without "Daddy" . . . Toshi Terasawa blowing in the rec. office . . . Bob Koba and his marble game . . . Sue Hori and the usual lively spirit and side kicking with just as excitable Tami Sano . . . this can go on forever . . . so it's 30 for now . . .

Cont. from Page Eight

-ployment Division, the office expanded and is now a separate department with headquarters at 1-2-3. Leave Officer Walter A. Heath supervises the office with Ray F. Buzzetti as placement officer. Miss Genevieve Baird is office manager and counselors are Virginia Asaka, Mrs. Martha Nakao and Elmer Uchida.

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Office of Reports

Among a number of "firsts" claimed by Manzanar -- first assembly center, relocation center, co-op, etc. -- is the newspaper published here a few weeks after the arrival of the volunteer contingents. Not too shy about taking bows for its accomplishments, with (or without) encouragement, the Manzanar Free Press was the first to publish the paper in printed form.

Chief attendant at its birth, its godfather and shepherd of the flock which edits the publication has been Bob Brown; now promoted to the position of acting assistant project director. Since his promotion last December, Roy M. Takeno, his assistant, has been the acting assistant reports officer, supervising the work of the staff and the office.

The Office of Reports, which is responsible for the Manzanar Free Press, has four other departments under its wings: the documentary reports, the Japanese translation, the mimeographing and the business departments. All told, some 50 persons are employed in the various departments housed in the four apartments at block one, building one.

Past editors of the Manzanar Free Press -- Tomomasa Yamazaki, Chiye Mori, Sam Hohri and Joseph Blamey -- have contributed materially toward building good public relations not only between this center and the American public-at-large, but they have spoken for all evacuees. Roy Hoshizaki is its present editor. Kiyotoshi Iwamoto is the chairman of the Japanese section's editorial department and Fumi Fukushima is head of the mimeograph department.

One-half of the printing cost for the newspaper is paid for by the Cooperative Enterprises. Under the management of Business Manager Dennis Shimizu, who steadily has increased its advertising revenue, the remaining one-half of the newspaper's cost is being paid for by the advertisements.

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Town Hall

To an evacuee resident, a block manager represents the key link between himself and the administration. It is to the manager that he goes for interpretation of administrative instructions and for personal services. It is to the manager that he passes on comments, suggestions and criticisms regarding the methods for improving the living conditions.

On Friday mornings of each week, the managers of the 34 blocks assemble at their headquarters in Town Hall to deliberate over matters affecting the residents. With Arthur H. Miller as advisor, the managers meet under the chairmanship of John Aono. Frank Yasuda is the executive secretary. Pete Mitsui, known as the coordinator, manages the Town Hall office and its clerical staff.

Each manager is provided with an office and an assistant, who acts as the information clerk and is charged with the task of writing daily reports. These are routed to the administration via Town Hall, where they are assembled; thence to the Office of Reports where they are digested; and finally to the project director's office where these reports are read, enabling the project director to better direct administrative policies for the residents in Transportation the light of their suggestions, opinions and criticisms.

The managers are: Block 2, Kanichiro Nakamura; 3, Kaoru Takahashi; 4, Takaji Higashi; 5, Yutaka Nakamura; 6, Yoshitake Ando; 8, Yoshifumi Sakuma; 9, Ned Uematsu; 10, Harry Nakamura; 11, Fred Kato; 12, Dick Izuno; 13, Chusaburo Yamada; 14, George Ikari; 15, Tatsuzo Makita; 16, Keiko Kitahara; 17, Joe Shikami.

Block 18, Harry Kunizawa; 19, Koichi Masunaka; 20, Hirokichi Sano; 21, Henry Nakamura; 22, Frank Yasuda; 23, Yukio Furoto; 24, Masakichi Kuramoto; 25, Eizo Masuyama; 26, Kanematsu Ozawa; 27, Kuranobu Ohono; 26, Chester Miyata; 20, John Aono; 30, Chakichi Nakano; 31, Takashi Kuse; 32, Arao Hasegawa; 33, Kaz Hankawa 34, George Murakami; 35, Takashi Furuya; 36, Takaichi Sakata.

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Transportation

Under the supervision of James L. Macnair the Motor Pool and Garage departments take care of all official transportation problems of the center.

The Motor Pool, with a fleet of cars and trucks numbering approximately 170, dispatches drivers on legitimate assignments. The department checks the cost and keeps a complete record of all transactions. Headed by Walter Gordon Hutchison the department employs nearly 100 drivers. Chief Dispatcher is Harry Oshio with Tom Tamisato, assistant.

Keeping the fleet of cars in efficient condition is the garage with Frank C. Crilly in charge. Under him and supervising about 10 evacuee mechanics is Vernard Gale, shop foreman. Elmer Neilsen is senior mechanic and Masao Kanemoto in charge of tools and parts.