(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"00:40:14","links_children":"ddr-densho-1011-1","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":642,"namepart":"Bill Hiroshi Shishima"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Raechel Donahue"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0116372","namepart":"Shishima, Hiroshi"}],"contributor":"Raechel Donahue and Garrett Lindemann Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"California","creation":"2010","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Bill Hiroshi Shishima narrator \nRaechel Donahue interviewer Shishima, Hiroshi 88922nr0116372","download_large":"denshovh-sbill-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-537","model":"entity","index":"3 453/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-537/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-537/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-537-1-mezzanine-05c0123557-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-537-1-mezzanine-05c0123557-a.jpg"},"title":"Lon Inaba Interview","description":"Sansei male. Born September 15, 1955, in Yakima, Washington. Grew up in the Yakima area, where several generations of family members had run a farm since before World War II. Prior to the war, since Japanese immigrants were barred from purchasing land, Lon's grandfather and great-grandfather had leased land from the Yakama Indian tribe. After they were sent to the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, during the war, they returned and continued farming, again with the support of the Yakama Nation. Lon earned a degree in agricultural engineering, and after working for a time on the Hanford nuclear reservation, returned to take over the farm with family members. In 2021, the family made the decision to sell Inaba Produce Farms to the Yakama Nation.","extent":"2:17:27","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-537","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":1052,"namepart":"Lon Inaba"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Yuka Murakami"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Wapato, Washington","creation":"May 27, 2023","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lon Inaba narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nYuka Murakami videographer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1000-537-1-mezzanine-05c0123557-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-401","model":"entity","index":"4 454/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-401/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-401/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hjohn_2-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hjohn_2-01-a.jpg"},"title":"John Y. Hayakawa Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 2, 1918, in San Francisco, California. Grew up in San Jose, California, where father ran a farm. Was an active member of the Japanese American Citizens League and helped to run the San Jose office after Japan bombed Pearl Harbor in 1941. During World War II, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. After the war, returned to San Jose.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:16:12","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-401","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":650,"namepart":"John Y. Hayakawa"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0051w00","namepart":"Hayakawa, Yoneo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Jose, California","creation":"March 21, 2012","status":"completed","search_hidden":"John Y. Hayakawa narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Hayakawa, Yoneo 88922nr0051w00","download_large":"denshovh-hjohn_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-286","model":"entity","index":"5 455/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-286/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-286/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nhitoshi-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nhitoshi-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Hitoshi \"Hank\" Naito Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 20, 1926, in San Diego, California. Grew up in Terminal Island, California, where father was a fisherman. During World War II, removed with family to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Family was transferred to Tule Lake in response to father's answers on the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire.\" Turned eighteen in Tule Lake, and also signed \"no-no\" on the questionnaire and renounced U.S. citizenship. Sent to Fort Lincoln (Bismarck) internment camp, North Dakota before going to Japan and reuniting with family. Lived in Japan for a number of years, taking a job with the U.S. army, and volunteering for the U.S. Air Force. Eventually regained citizenship and returned to the U.S.","extent":"02:43:15","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-286","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":489,"namepart":"Hitoshi \"Hank\" Naito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0093h8w","namepart":"Naito, Hitoshi"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Honolulu, Hawaii","creation":"June 11, 2010","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hitoshi \"Hank\" Naito narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Naito, Hitoshi 88922nr0093h8w","download_large":"denshovh-nhitoshi-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-393","model":"entity","index":"6 456/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-393/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-393/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-sbill-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-sbill-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Bill Hiroshi Shishima Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born December 24, 1930, in Los Angeles, California. Grew up in California where parents ran a successful grocery store business. During World War II, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. While in Heart Mountain, became involved in Boy Scouts activities. Left camp and returned to California, then was drafted into the army. After service, returned to Los Angeles and became a teacher.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:44:19","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-393","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":642,"namepart":"Bill Hiroshi Shishima"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Martha Nakagawa"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Tani Ikeda"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0116372","namepart":"Shishima, Hiroshi"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles California","creation":"February 8, 2012","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Bill Hiroshi Shishima narrator \nMartha Nakagawa interviewer \nTani Ikeda videographer Shishima, Hiroshi 88922nr0116372","download_large":"denshovh-sbill-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024-80","model":"entity","index":"7 457/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024-80/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024-80/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-80-mezzanine-995d70e4c1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-80-mezzanine-995d70e4c1-a.jpg"},"title":"Sowing Seeds of Life... of Hope","description":"Japanese vegetable seeds played an enormous part in making life more bearable for the Japanese people who were incarcerated in a concentration camp at Heart Mountain, Wyoming during WWII.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Densho Resource Guide at: Sowing Seeds of Life... of Hope (film).\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films at: https://archive.org/details/ddr-densho-1024-80.","extent":"00:05:00","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024-80","creators":[{"role":"director","namepart":"Tanioka, Michi"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Hatchimonji, Ike"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Food","id":"68"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture","id":"6"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0051s5g","namepart":"Hatchimonji, Kumezo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"motion_picture","location":"Cody, Wyoming","facility":[{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"}],"creation":"2014","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tanioka, Michi director \nHatchimonji, Ike interviewee Hatchimonji, Kumezo 88922nr0051s5g","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-80-mezzanine-995d70e4c1-a.jpg"},{"id":"142","model":"narrator","index":"8 458/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/142/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/142/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/efrank.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/efrank.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/142/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank Emi","bio":"Nisei male. Born September 23, 1916, in Los Angeles, California. Attended Los Angeles City College for one year before leaving to run the family produce business. Married and had a daughter before being removed to Pomona Assembly Center, California, and Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. The leader of Heart Mountain's Fair Play Committee, was convicted of resisting the draft, and was imprisoned for eighteen months at Leavenworth, Kansas. After leaving prison, worked for the U.S. post office and the California state unemployment office. Mr. Emi practiced judo as a young person before the war, and postwar, taught at the Hollywood Judo Dojo."},{"id":"320","model":"narrator","index":"9 459/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/320/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/320/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mnorman.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mnorman.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/320/interviews/"},"display_name":"Norman Mineta","bio":"Nisei male. Born November 12, 1931, in San Jose, California. During World War II, removed to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Graduated from the University of California at Berkeley, and served in the military as an intelligence officer in Japan and Korea. Served on the San Jose City Council from 1967 to 1971, and as mayor of San Jose from 1967 to 1971. Served as U.S. Congressman from 1975 to 1995. While in Congress, was integral in the passage of H.R. 442, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988. Served as Secretary of Transportation from 2001 to 2006."},{"id":"453","model":"narrator","index":"10 460/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/453/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/453/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/smarjorie.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/smarjorie.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/453/interviews/"},"display_name":"Marjorie Matsushita Sperling","bio":"Nisei female. Born July 27, 1922, in Wapato, Washington. Grew up in Wapato, where family ran a farm. Was attending the University of Washington when the war broke out on December 7, 1941. Removed with family to the Portland Assembly Center, Oregon, and the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. While in camp, worked for the recreation department. Left camp and attended college in St. Paul, Minnesota. After the war, became very active in the field of recreation, as well as with community and educational groups. Involved in efforts to preserve the sites of the wartime incarceration camps."},{"id":"ddr-densho-156-226","model":"entity","index":"11 461/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-156-226/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-156-226/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-156/ddr-densho-156-226-mezzanine-fda1d51306-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-156/ddr-densho-156-226-mezzanine-fda1d51306-a.jpg"},"title":"Daily Press Review, Vol. IV, No. 4","description":"Article titles: \"Santa Claus in Eden\"; \"Eden Relocation Project Workers Pledge $4,500 Weekly in War Bonds\"; \"Shirrell Speaks to Lions Club\"; \"Canners Fear Shortage of Tomato Labor; Reject Japanese Labor\"; \"Enemy Aliens Get Transfer to Denver\"; \"Seven Japs Given Fines for Gambling\"; \"Location of Kelp Beds Kept Secret by Japs\"; \"Date is Set for Sale of Japanese Owned Bonds\"; \"Japanese Must Observe Law Regulating Rents\"; \"New Uses Seen for Jap Camp at Santa Fe\"; \"Ghost Town of War\"; \"4 Facing Bootlegging Charges at Jap Center\"; \"Sugar Beet Strike\"; \"200 Soldiers Quell Jap Riot at Santa Anita\"; \"FBI Arrests 33, One with Maps of New York Harbor\"; \"Trainload of Japs Arrives in Wyoming\"; \"6 Saboteurs Executed; Leniency Shown to Other Two\"; \"2,000 Extra Grape Harvesters Wanted\"; \"Beet Growers Urge Drive on Vagrants.\"","extent":"2340W x 3120H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-156-226","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Facilities, services, and camp administration","id":"69"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"misc_document","creation":"August 10, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-156-226-mezzanine-fda1d51306-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-122-6","model":"entity","index":"12 462/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-122-6/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-122-6/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-hsam-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-hsam-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Sam Horino Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born July 17, 1914, in Gardena, California. Passively resisted \"evacuation\" in 1942, forcing two soldiers to carry him out of his home. Incarcerated at Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, and became one of the steering committee leaders of the Fair Play Committee (FPC). Was tried along with the other FPC leaders and was convicted to conspiracy to counsel draft evasion. Served time in Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary, Kansas, and then returned home to California.
(This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.)","extent":"00:47:43","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-6","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":152,"namepart":"Sam Horino"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Monterey Park, California","creation":"February 22, 1993","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sam Horino narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer","download_large":"denshovh-hsam-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-122-8","model":"entity","index":"13 463/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-122-8/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-122-8/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-kyosh-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-kyosh-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Yosh Kuromiya Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 1923 in Sierra Madre, California. Was pursuing a degree in art at Pasadena Junior College at the time of mass removal. While incarcerated at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, continued his artistic pursuits, drawing sketches and designing posters, etc. for various camp projects. Resisted the draft at age 21, and was indicted in 1944 for draft evasion. After serving time in prison, worked as a gardener before becoming a landscape architect in the late 1950s.
(This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.)","extent":"00:28:28","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-8","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":154,"namepart":"Yosh Kuromiya"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Chin"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr008xp0z","namepart":"Kuromiya, Yoshito"}],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"August 15 & 16, 1993","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Yosh Kuromiya narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer \nFrank Chin interviewer Kuromiya, Yoshito 88922nr008xp0z","download_large":"denshovh-kyosh-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"125","model":"narrator","index":"14 464/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/125/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/125/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kmits.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kmits.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/125/interviews/"},"display_name":"Mits Koshiyama","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 7, 1924, in Mountain View, California. Grew up in the Santa Clara Valley, California, working on his family's leased strawberry farm. In June of 1942, he was involuntarily \"evacuated\" to Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, then to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Graduated from high school in camp and at the age of 19, refused induction into the military on the grounds that the incarceration violated his Constitutional rights as an American citizen. Served two years at McNeil Island federal penitentiary, Washington. Later resettled in California and established a flower nursery business with his brother. Currently, Mr. Koshiyama participates in speaking engagements regarding his wartime resistance."},{"id":"132","model":"narrator","index":"15 465/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/132/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/132/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kkara.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kkara.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/132/interviews/"},"display_name":"Kara Kondo","bio":"Nisei female. Born May 24, 1916, in the Yakima valley, Washington, and spent childhood in Wapato, Washington. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the North Portland Assembly Center, Oregon, and then to the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Was on the staff of the camp newspaper, the Heart Mountain Sentinel. Left camp for Chicago, Illinois, and lived in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Missouri before returning to Yakima, Washington. Became involved in political organization postwar, such as the League of Women Voters. Testified before the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians during the redress movement, and became actively involved in groups addressing environmental issues."},{"id":"196","model":"narrator","index":"16 466/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/196/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/196/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/seiichi.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/seiichi.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/196/interviews/"},"display_name":"Eiichi Edward Sakauye","bio":"Nisei male. Born January 25, 1912, in San Jose, California. Grew up in San Jose, working on family's extensive farmholdings, and graduating from San Jose Teachers College. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, was removed to Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. While at Heart Mountain, became the agriculture superintendent, and also obtained permission to shoot home movie footage from within the incarceration camp itself. After World War II, returned to San Jose and resumed farming. Served on the Santa Clara County Historical Heritage Commission for eighteen years, and was involved with the Japanese American Museum of San Jose."},{"id":"409","model":"narrator","index":"17 467/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/409/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/409/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/nlillian.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/nlillian.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/409/interviews/"},"display_name":"Lillian Nakano","bio":"Sansei female, born April 30, 1928, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Grew up in Hawaii, where family ran a successful wholesale bakery business. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was picked up by the FBI and sent to Sand Island internment camp. Moved with rest of the family to Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas, to be reunited with father. Moved for a short time to the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, when Jerome closed, before returning to Hawaii. Married and moved to Chicago, Illinois, before eventually moving to Los Angeles. Along with husband Bert Nakano, became active in the redress movement, helping to establish the National Coalition for Redress and Reparations."},{"id":"415","model":"narrator","index":"18 468/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/415/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/415/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfrank.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfrank.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/415/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank Sumida","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 10, 1925, in Chicago, Illinois. Grew up primarily in Los Angeles, California, where parents ran a restaurant. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, where he participating in running an organized gambling operation. Moved briefly to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, before being sent to Tule Lake, California, after signing the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire.\" Transferred to the Santa Fe Department of Justice internment camp, New Mexico. Upon wishes of parents, renounced U.S. citizenship and expatriated to Japan. Worked for the military government during the U.S. occupation of Japan. Eventually regained U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-29-55","model":"entity","index":"19 469/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-55/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-29-55/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-55-1-mezzanine-30e1871bdc-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-55-1-mezzanine-30e1871bdc-a.jpg"},"title":"An Oral History with Norman Y. Mineta","description":"Japanese American congressman, representing the Thirteenth Congressional District of California, born and raised in San Jose, California, discusses his early life, graduation from the University of California, Berkeley, and receiving a commission and serving in the armed forces from 1953-1956. Recalls the removal, \"relocation,\" and incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp, Wyoming, from 1942-1943; his family's move to the Chicago area for father's employment; and the return to the West Coast. This oral history was conducted for the Japanese American Oral History Project, Oral History Program, CSU Fullerton; interview was conducted by Duff Griffith. Transcript is found in item: csufccop_jaoh_0008. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 1328_T01","extent":"0:45:42","links_children":"ddr-csujad-29-55","creators":[{"role":"narrator","id":320,"namepart":"Norman Mineta"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Griffith, Duff"},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"California State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics","id":"235"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Wyoming","id":"508"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- San Jose","id":"274"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Military service -- Post-World War II service","id":"297"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers","id":"61"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath","id":"48"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Preparation","id":"189"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Food","id":"68"},{"term":"World War II -- Japanese American Citizens League activities","id":"400"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers -- Conflicts, intimidation, and violence","id":"404"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Social and recreational activities","id":"195"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics","id":"235"},{"term":"Race and racism","id":"36"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Discrimination","id":"37"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"CSU Fullerton Center for Oral and Public History","rights":"pcc","genre":"interview","location":"San Jose, California","creation":"2/10/1975","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Norman Mineta narrator \nGriffith, Duff interviewer \nCalifornia State University, Fullerton. 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Tried for draft resistance, and served two years at the McNeil Island federal penitentiary. After the war, was pardoned by President Truman along with all of the other Japanese American wartime draft resisters.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:58:45","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-290","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":505,"namepart":"Takashi Hoshizaki"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Jim Gatewood"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr008p54j","namepart":"Hoshizaki, Takashi"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"July 28, 2010","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Takashi Hoshizaki narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nJim Gatewood interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Hoshizaki, Takashi 88922nr008p54j","download_large":"denshovh-htakashi_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1007-1771","model":"entity","index":"21 471/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1771/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1007-1771/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1771-mezzanine-9b1f419187-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1771-mezzanine-9b1f419187-a.jpg"},"title":"Interview with Clarence Matsumura, part 3 of 5","description":"Continued from ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1609/. Matsumura discusses the impact of growing up in a small town in Wyoming (particularly the lack of discrimination), the discrimination he faced in Heart Mountain, the movie theaters he ran at Heart Mountain, the extracurricular programs he helped run in camp, going to school, volunteering for the military from school, his time in Fort Hood, TX, joining up with the 442nd in Marseille, the Battle of the Lost Battalion, entering Germany from France, and coming across German military manufacturing sites. Interview starts at 0:24. Loni Ding can be heard asking quetsions behind the camera. Original title: II LA #37, 7-24-85, C. Matsumura Interview III. Interview continues at ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1772/","extent":"00:21:08","links_children":"ddr-densho-1007-1771","creators":[{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Ding, Loni"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Matsumura, Clarence"}],"topics":[{"term":"Arts and literature -- Performing arts -- Film -- Documentaries","id":"251"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Wyoming","id":"508"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Discrimination","id":"37"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Social and recreational activities","id":"195"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- 442nd Regimental Combat Team","id":"89"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Mastumura, Clarence"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","facility":[{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"}],"creation":"July 24, 1985","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ding, Loni interviewer \nMatsumura, Clarence interviewee Mastumura, Clarence","download_large":"ddr-densho-1007-1771-mezzanine-9b1f419187-a.jpg"},{"id":"211","model":"narrator","index":"22 472/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/211/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/211/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ygeorge_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ygeorge_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/211/interviews/"},"display_name":"George Yamada","bio":"Nisei male. Born November 16, 1923, in Spokane, Washington. Spent childhood in downtown Spokane where parents ran the World Hotel. Father also worked as a mail handler for the Great Northern Railroad. Attended Lewis and Clark High School and Washington State University. During the war remembers seeing train cars pass through Spokane with Japanese Americans headed to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Drafted into the army in 1944 and served at the Military Intelligence Service Language School in Fort Snelling, Minnesota and Presidio, California. After World War II, worked as a chick sexer in upstate New York and surrounding region for thirty years. Returned to Spokane in the mid-1970s and pursued a career in real estate."},{"id":"982","model":"narrator","index":"23 473/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/982/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/982/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-493_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-493_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/982/interviews/"},"display_name":"Hannah Hirabayashi","bio":"Nisei-Sansei female. Born 1938 in Seattle, Washington. Grew up in the town of Christopher, now part of Auburn, Washington, where parents ran a grocery store. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was arrested by the FBI and sent to the Fort Missoula internment camp, Montana. The rest of the family went to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, then volunteered to help set up the Tule Lake concentration camp, California, then transferred to the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. After leaving camp, lived for a short time in Spokane, Washington, before moving to Seattle. Grew up in Seattle, attending Catholic school and eventually becoming a teacher in the Catholic school system."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-29-55-1","model":"segment","index":"24 474/{'value': 522, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-55-1/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-29-55-1/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-55-1-mezzanine-30e1871bdc-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-55-1-mezzanine-30e1871bdc-a.jpg"},"title":"An Oral History with Norman Y. 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