(Due to technical difficulties, this interview has audio problems in its second half.)","extent":"01:37:40","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-82","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":85,"namepart":"Tad Sato"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Stephen Fugita"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"August 15, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tad Sato narrator \nStephen Fugita interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer","download_large":"denshovh-stad-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-390-141","model":"entity","index":"4 1529/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-390-141/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-390-141/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-390/ddr-densho-390-141-mezzanine-130ef3cf60-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-390/ddr-densho-390-141-mezzanine-130ef3cf60-a.jpg"},"title":"The Evacuation of the Japanese During World War II","description":"An essay describing the evacuation of Japanese and Japanese Americans during World War II, including a list a recommended further readings.","extent":"8.5W x 11H","links_children":"ddr-densho-390-141","topics":[{"term":"Race and racism","id":"36"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- War Relocation Authority (WRA)","id":"403"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath -- Decision to incarcerate","id":"203"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Knox, Frank"},{"namepart":"Henry, Bill"},{"namepart":"McLemore, Henry"},{"namepart":"Anson, Austin"},{"namepart":"Warren, Earl"},{"namepart":"Lippman, Walter"},{"namepart":"American Civil Liberties Union"},{"namepart":"Biddle, Francis"},{"namepart":"Roosevelt, Franklin D."},{"namepart":"DeWitt, John L."},{"namepart":"War Relocation Authority"},{"namepart":"Jackson, Robert H."},{"namepart":"Ishii, Amy Uno"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"essay","creation":"c. 1974","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Knox, Frank \nHenry, Bill \nMcLemore, Henry \nAnson, Austin \nWarren, Earl \nLippman, Walter \nAmerican Civil Liberties Union \nBiddle, Francis \nRoosevelt, Franklin D. \nDeWitt, John L. \nWar Relocation Authority \nJackson, Robert H. \nIshii, Amy Uno","download_large":"ddr-densho-390-141-mezzanine-130ef3cf60-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-151-61","model":"entity","index":"5 1530/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-151-61/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-151-61/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-151/ddr-densho-151-61-mezzanine-ea18d12816-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-151/ddr-densho-151-61-mezzanine-ea18d12816-a.jpg"},"title":"Japanese Americans registering for mass removal","description":"Original WRA caption: Residents of Japanese ancestry appear for registration prior to evacuation. Evacuees will be housed in War Relocation Authority centers for the duration.\r\nUpdated Library of Congress summary: \"Photograph shows Shizuko Ina standing behind others waiting to be assigned a \"family number\" before being removed from their homes and incarcerated in a detention facility at Tanforan Racetrack. She was later moved with her husband, Itaru Ina (1914-1977) to a concentration camp in Topaz, Utah, and then to Tule Lake Segregation Center, near Newell in Northern California. The family was separated in July 1945 when Itaru was transferred to Fort Lincoln, a Department of Justice camp for \"enemy aliens\" in Bismarck, North Dakota, and reunited in April 1946 at Crystal City, Texas. (Source: Satsuki Ina, daughter of Shizuko Ina, February 2020).\"","extent":"Unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-151-61","creators":[{"role":"photographer","namepart":"Lange, Dorothea"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Preparation","id":"189"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0085c3g","namepart":"Ina, Shizuko"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"photograph","location":"San Francisco, California","facility":[{"term":"Tanforan","id":"15"},{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"},{"term":"Topaz (Central Utah)","id":"1"},{"term":"Fort Lincoln (Bismarck)","id":"28"}],"creation":"Apr 25, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lange, Dorothea photographer Ina, Shizuko 88922nr0085c3g","download_large":"ddr-densho-151-61-mezzanine-ea18d12816-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-29-244","model":"entity","index":"6 1531/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-244/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-29-244/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-244-mezzanine-cb6e2207c2-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-244-mezzanine-cb6e2207c2-a.jpg"},"title":"[Woman discussing Estelle Ishigo]","description":"Photograph of a former Heart Mountain incarceree and oral history narrator discussing Estelle Ishigo, a Caucasian woman and artist who went into camp with her Japanese American husband, Arthur Ishigo, when he was forcibly removed from Los Angeles. Ishigo also worked for the War Relocation Authority while at Heart Mountain. \"Lone Heart Mountain\" tells the story of Ishigo's camp experience through charcoal drawings and sketches she did while behind barbed wire. Photograph inscription: \"The interviewee at one of her many speaking appearances before civic and educational groups. On this occasion she is publicizing a book, \"Lone Heart Mountain,\" written by Estelle Ishigo, a Caucasian and fellow internee at the Heart Mountain Center in Wyoming.\" See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: P187","extent":"black and white","links_children":"ddr-csujad-29-244","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"CSU Fullerton Center for Oral and Public History","rights":"nocc","genre":"photograph","facility":[{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"}],"status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-csujad-29-244-mezzanine-cb6e2207c2-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-55-1637","model":"entity","index":"7 1532/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-55-1637/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-55-1637/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-1637-mezzanine-c932321fe3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-1637-mezzanine-c932321fe3-a.jpg"},"title":"Tulean dispatch magazine section, vol. 1, no. 9 (April 1943)","description":"Monthly publication at Tule Lake incarceration camp including stories, poems, commentary and creative writing. Current issue includes \"Question 28\" by Shuji Kimura, \"Mandy's Dream\" by Frank Hijikata, \"Toppers in Camp\" by Yuri Kobukata, Mary Harumi Sakai, and Lorraine Takayama, \"Band Leader\" by Bryan Mayeda, \"Bachelor's Quarters\" by George Nakamura, \"Poultry Farm\" by Makoto Kobukata and \"Looking Back\" by Toko Fuji. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sac_jaac_1639","extent":"24 pages; 8.5 x 7 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-55-1637","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"United States. War Relocation Authority"},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Tulean Dispatch"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Ozaki, Yukio"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Kimura, Shuji"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Hijikata, Frank"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Kobukata, Yuri"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Sakai, Mary Harumi"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Takayama, Lorraine"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Mayeda, Bryan"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Nakamura, George"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Kobukata, Makoto"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Fuji, Toko"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications","id":"74"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Arts and literature","id":"172"},{"term":"Journalism and media","id":"387"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Sacramento, Department of Special Collections and University Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Newell, California","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"1943-04","status":"completed","search_hidden":"United States. War Relocation Authority publisher \nTulean Dispatch publisher \nOzaki, Yukio contributor \nKimura, Shuji contributor \nHijikata, Frank author \nKobukata, Yuri contributor \nSakai, Mary Harumi contributor \nTakayama, Lorraine contributor \nMayeda, Bryan contributor \nNakamura, George contributor \nKobukata, Makoto contributor \nFuji, Toko contributor","download_large":"ddr-csujad-55-1637-mezzanine-c932321fe3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-2-96","model":"entity","index":"8 1533/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2-96/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-2-96/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-2/ddr-csujad-2-96-mezzanine-a73e6a1f96-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-2/ddr-csujad-2-96-mezzanine-a73e6a1f96-a.jpg"},"title":"[Report on sabotage and espionage, table of contents and pages 27-50]","description":"Second section of a report that lacks a title page or other identifying information; the report addresses sabotage and espionage regarding industrial plants and utilities, referencing neither the War Relocation Authority, incarceration camps, nor any other aspect of the treatment of Japanese Americans specifically. Major section titles listed in the report's table of contents include \"Methods of Sabotage\"; \"Industrial Information Sought by Espionage Agents\"; \"Methods of Espionage\"; \"Vulnerable Points\"; \"Personnel\"; \"Physical Properties to be Considered during a Survey\"; \"Confidential Documents\"; \"Identification Systems\"; \"Guard Force\"; \"Fire Prevention\"; and \"Handling of Bombs and Explosives\". This section consists of Pages 27-50 and covers all but the first paragraph of \"Identification Systems\"; \"Guard Force\"; \"Fire Prevention\"; and \"Handling of Bombs and Explosives.\" See [Report on Sabotage and Espionage, Table of Contents and Pages 3-26] for the first part of this document. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sjs_sch_0096","extent":"24 pages, typescript","links_children":"ddr-csujad-2-96","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Sabotage and espionage","id":"528"},{"term":"World War II -- Sabotage and espionage","id":"528"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"San Jose State University Department of Special Collections and Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Newell, California","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-csujad-2-96-mezzanine-a73e6a1f96-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-2","model":"collection","index":"9 1534/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-2/ddr-csujad-2-1-mezzanine-010f63fe6c-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-2/ddr-csujad-2-1-mezzanine-010f63fe6c-a.jpg"},"title":"San Jose State Schmidt (Willard E.) Papers","description":"The Willard Schmidt collection, documents some of the administrative duties of Willard Schmidt, the Chief of Internal Security for the War Relocation Authority and the Tule Lake incarceration/segregation camp. This collection contains administrative records and photos documenting the Tule Lake camp, the largest incarceration camp with a peak population of 18,789 and with the most turbulent history. In 1943, the camp was turned into a segregation center to house \"disloyal\" Japanese Americans relocated from other camps based on their answers to a confusing loyalty questionnaire. The camp endured martial law from November 1943- Jan 1944 after escalating protests and unrest. The hostile environment of the camp lead to many incarcerees renouncing their American citizenship upon the end of incarceration, a process which took 14 years to reverse if they did not wish to be deported to Japan.
See the full finding aid at Online Archive of California.","extent":"2 box 1 linear ft.","links_children":"ddr-csujad-2","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Schmidt, Willard E."}],"language":["eng"],"contributor":"San Jose State University Department of Special Collections and Archives","public":"1","rights":"pcc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Schmidt, Willard E. author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-2-1-mezzanine-010f63fe6c-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024-12","model":"entity","index":"10 1535/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024-12/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024-12/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-12-mezzanine-129a19ab4e-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-12-mezzanine-129a19ab4e-a.jpg"},"title":"Bitter Memories: Tule Lake","description":"Early film that provides an overview of the wartime forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans on the West Coast produced by the University of California, Berkeley in 1975. Bitter Memory tells the story through narration and interviews with former inmates accompanied by archival footage from Office of War Information/War Relocation Authority (WRA) films and WRA still photos. All footage—even contemporary interview footage and footage shot at Tule Lake —is in black and white. Identified inmate narrators include poet and playwright Hiroshi Kashiwagi , Mary Otani, Michi Mukai, and Kumito Ishida. The bulk of the film deals with living conditions in the concentration camps—the lack of privacy, the breaking up of the family unit, employment, food and so forth—along with the loyalty questionnaire and segregation.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Densho Resource Guide at: Bitter Memories: Tule Lake.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films at: https://archive.org/details/cabemrc_000010.","extent":"00:28:23","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024-12","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"motion_picture","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"1975","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-12-mezzanine-129a19ab4e-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-sbbt-2-27","model":"entity","index":"11 1536/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-sbbt-2-27/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-sbbt-2-27/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-sbbt-2/ddr-sbbt-2-27-mezzanine-4a8e570f9b-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-sbbt-2/ddr-sbbt-2-27-mezzanine-4a8e570f9b-a.jpg"},"title":"Cooperative Colonization","description":"A proposal to incentivize incarcerees to leave the concentration camps by investing in land, farming equipment, and other materials for Japanese Americans to establish \"colonies in fertile land suitable for agriculture.\"","extent":"8.5 W x 14 H","links_children":"ddr-sbbt-2-27","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Sumida, C."},{"role":"author","namepart":"Takasugi, T."},{"role":"author","namepart":"Muraoka, S."}],"topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Farming","id":"345"},{"term":"Race and racism","id":"36"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Sumida, C."},{"namepart":"Takasugi, T."},{"namepart":"Muraoka, S."},{"namepart":"Ickes, Harold"},{"namepart":"Myer, Dillon S."},{"namepart":"Province, John"},{"namepart":"Pitts, Malcolm"},{"namepart":"Arnold, Edwin G."},{"namepart":"Utz, E. J."},{"namepart":"Johnston, Ray D."},{"namepart":"Moulton, E. B."},{"namepart":"Wisdom, Charles"},{"namepart":"Dusseldrop, Wilma Van"},{"namepart":"War Relocation Authority"}],"contributor":"Seattle Betsuin Buddhist Temple Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"McGehee, Arkansas","facility":[{"term":"Rohwer","id":"9"},{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"8/1/1944","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sumida, C. author \nTakasugi, T. author \nMuraoka, S. author Sumida, C. \nTakasugi, T. \nMuraoka, S. \nIckes, Harold \nMyer, Dillon S. \nProvince, John \nPitts, Malcolm \nArnold, Edwin G. \nUtz, E. J. \nJohnston, Ray D. \nMoulton, E. B. \nWisdom, Charles \nDusseldrop, Wilma Van \nWar Relocation Authority","download_large":"ddr-sbbt-2-27-mezzanine-4a8e570f9b-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-7-6","model":"entity","index":"12 1537/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-7-6/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-7-6/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-7/ddr-densho-7-6-mezzanine-b3129359a2-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-7/ddr-densho-7-6-mezzanine-b3129359a2-a.jpg"},"title":"WRA resettlement image","description":"Original WRA caption: \"Here is a corner view of the spacious living room in the home of the Kaneko and Isoda families who have resettled in Milwaukee. Mrs. Tei Kaneko is opening her knitting bag while on the floor (left to right) are Robin Isoda, 2-1/2, son of Mr. and Mrs. Georg[e] Isoda, and Wayne Kaneko, 2-1/2-year -old son of the Kanekos. The Kanekos are formerly from Hunt Relocation Center and before evacuation lived in Seattle, Washington.\" Beginning in summer 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) began to release incarcerees and encouraged them to resettle in areas of the United States other than the West Coast. However, many Japanese Americans were reluctant to leave (incarcerees did not depart in large numbers until 1944). The Issei in particular, many of whom were sixty or older, had little with which to start a new life after losing their farms and small businesses. Incarcerees also feared for their safety; reports and rumors of hostile treatment by outsiders were common in camps. The WRA started a campaign to show how good life was outside the camps and away from the West Coast. The agency took photographs of the Kaneko and Isoda families for that purpose. Tei Kaneko and her family joined her sister, Sachiko Isoda, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where a church had helped them find a furnished home. Incarcerees from various camps informed Kaneko that they had seen the WRA photographs posted on camp blackboards.","extent":"2065W x 1471H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-7-6","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Kaneko, Tei"},{"namepart":"Isoda, George"},{"namepart":"Kaneko, Wayne"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","creation":"1944","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kaneko, Tei \nIsoda, George \nKaneko, Wayne","download_large":"ddr-densho-7-6-mezzanine-b3129359a2-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-55-1635","model":"entity","index":"13 1538/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-55-1635/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-55-1635/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-1635-mezzanine-333fddaa86-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-1635-mezzanine-333fddaa86-a.jpg"},"title":"Tulean dispatch magazine section, vol. 1, no. 7 (February 1943)","description":"Monthly publication at Tule Lake incarceration camp including stories, poems, commentary and creative writing. Current issue includes \"Snow Blossom\" by Ken Yasuda, \"Barber's Wife' by Arthur Morimitsu, \"In the Still of the Night\" by Frank Tanabe, \"Haiku and Painting\" by Ken Yasuda, \"Looking Back\" by George Nakamura, \"Expose of the Wolf\" by Iroh Otoko, \"Corn on the Cob\" by Eugene Okada, \"On the Dawning of Peace\" by Frank Hijikata, \"Johnny's Uncle\" by Hama Akashi and illustrations by Mas Inada. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sac_jaac_1637","extent":"34 pages; 8.5 x 7 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-55-1635","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"United States. War Relocation Authority"},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Tulean Dispatch"},{"role":"editor","namepart":"Nakamura, George J."},{"role":"editor","namepart":"Kurihara, Dick"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Inada, Masao"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Matsuo, James"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Ozaki, Yukio"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Yasuda, Ken"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Morimitsu, Arthur"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Tanabe, Frank S."},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Nakamura, George"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Hijikata, Frank"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Otoko, Iroh"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Okada, Eugene"},{"role":"contributor","namepart":"Akashi, Hama"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications","id":"74"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Arts and literature","id":"172"},{"term":"Journalism and media","id":"387"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Sacramento, Department of Special Collections and University Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Newell, California","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"1943-02","status":"completed","search_hidden":"United States. War Relocation Authority publisher \nTulean Dispatch publisher \nNakamura, George J. editor \nKurihara, Dick editor \nInada, Masao contributor \nMatsuo, James contributor \nOzaki, Yukio contributor \nYasuda, Ken contributor \nMorimitsu, Arthur contributor \nTanabe, Frank S. contributor \nNakamura, George contributor \nHijikata, Frank contributor \nOtoko, Iroh contributor \nOkada, Eugene contributor \nAkashi, Hama contributor","download_large":"ddr-csujad-55-1635-mezzanine-333fddaa86-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-379","model":"collection","index":"14 1539/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-379/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-379/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-379/ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-379/ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg"},"title":"Sumida Family Collection","description":"The Sumida Family Collection contains material about Chimata and Masako Murakami Sumida and their six children, Alice Yuriko Endo, Grace Rayko Nagai, Emmy Ito, Marshall Masaru Sumida, Theodore Tetsuro Sumida, Marjorie Yohko Matsumoto, and their families. Before World War II, Chimata Sumida owned a music store located in Los Angeles’ Japanese Town that sold music, instruments, radios, and other small electronics. After 3 FBI interrogations, Chimata and his worker, Yoshio Takashima, were arrested on January 16, 1942, detained at the Los Angeles County Jail, transferred to Tuna Canyon Detention Station, and interned at the Fort Missoula Alien Detention Center.
\r\n\r\nThe collection begins with a series of letters between Chimata Sumida written during his internment in the Fort Missoula Alien Detention Center to and from his wife and children. These censored letters describe the harsh conditions and social atmosphere at Ft. Missoula and chaotic life in Los Angeles preparing for the upcoming Executive 9066 evacuation and its consequences. An important portion of this collection are copies of documents contained in Chimata Sumida’s U.S. Department of Justice file obtained from the U.S. Archives. Contained in this file are Chimata’s testimony during his Alien Enemy Hearing Board, the docketed Department of Justice Alien Enemy Hearing Board Report with its split 2-1 decision recommendation in favor of internment, the Memorandum to the Chief of the Review Division recommending parole, and the final Order signed by Attorney General Biddle granting parole under the conditions and restrictions indicated in the document.
\r\n\r\nAfter Chimata Sumida’s transfer to Rohwer Relocation Center, he soon became a prominent Issei leader of the camp. He met 6 days a week with more than 600 Issei nightly who listened to his translation of American News into Japanese. He served as a committeeman on the Resettlement Advisory Board and was chairman of the Resettlement Committee organized by the Community Council. In addition, he collaborated with two other Issei, T. Takashima and S. Muraoka, to submit a proposal to various U.S. government agencies to establish cooperative colonies in rural areas of the United States suitable for farming to relocate 13,000 settlers from various WRA relocation camps. This plan was ultimately rejected by Dillon Myer, Director of the War Relocation Authority.
\r\n\r\nAfter leaving Rohwer Relocation Camp in 1945, Chimata and Masako Sumida resettled in Washington, D.C. with their children and grandchildren. Most of the Sumida family eventually moved back to the west coast. However, the Endos remained in the Washington, D.C. area and remained active in the community. They participated in many civil rights events including the 1963 March on Washington.","links_children":"ddr-densho-379","language":["eng","jpn"],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-21-2","model":"entity","index":"15 1540/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-21-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-21-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-21/ddr-csujad-21-2-mezzanine-48e138f047-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-21/ddr-csujad-21-2-mezzanine-48e138f047-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from Frank Herron Smith to President Harry S. Truman, May 4, 1945","description":"Smith urges Truman to ask \"Edgar J. Hoover and his organization\" to help control \"the arsonists and night-riders who are terrorizing the few Japanese Americans who have returned to the West Coast.\" Smith states that approximately 60,000 of the \"110,000\" people who were \"evacuated\" seek to return to their homes, under pressure from the War Relocation Authority to leave the camps, and that those returning to rural areas are \"having constant trouble,\" including arson and shooting incidents. Smith also states that there have been few arrests for these incidents, and mentions that [California Attorney General] Robert Kenny has neglected his responsibilities, noting that this is remarkable given that the UNCIO Conference [United Nations Conference on International Organization] was opening just as another arson incident had occurred. See also Letter from Francis Biddle, Attorney General of the United States, to Frank Herron Smith, May 8, 1945; and Letter from Tom C. Clark, Assistant Attorney General of the United States, to Frank Herron Smith, May 31, 1945. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 065-1-a-01-01-02","extent":"1 page ; typescript","links_children":"ddr-csujad-21-2","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Smith, Frank Herron, 1879-1965"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Violence","id":"186"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Special Collections and Archives, Robert E. Kennedy Library, California Polytechnic State University","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"[Berkeley,] California","creation":"5/4/1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Smith, Frank Herron, 1879-1965 author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-21-2-mezzanine-48e138f047-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-7-11","model":"entity","index":"16 1541/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-7-11/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-7-11/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-7/ddr-densho-7-11-mezzanine-bcd394a101-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-7/ddr-densho-7-11-mezzanine-bcd394a101-a.jpg"},"title":"WRA resettlement image","description":"Original WRA caption: \"One of the most imposing and beautiful buildings in the city of Milwaukee is the Milwaukee County Building which was built at a cost of $10,000,000. With its well-laid out street, its inviting parklanes, and orderly lawns, Milwaukee not only offers Nisei new homes and new jobs, but gives them the advantage of beauty and comfort.\" Beginning in summer 1942, the War Relocation Authority (WRA) began to release incarcerees and encouraged them to resettle in areas of the United States other than the West Coast. However, many Japanese Americans were reluctant to leave (incarcerees did not depart in large numbers until 1944). The Issei in particular, many of whom were sixty or older, had little with which to start a new life after losing their farms and small businesses. Incarcerees also feared for their safety; reports and rumors of hostile treatment by outsiders were common in camps. The WRA started a campaign to show how good life was outside the camps and away from the West Coast. The agency took photographs of the Kaneko and Isoda families for that purpose. Tei Kaneko and her family joined her sister, Sachiko Isoda, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where a church had helped them find a furnished home. Incarcerees from various camps informed Kaneko that they had seen the WRA photographs posted on camp blackboards.","extent":"2107W x 1567H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-7-11","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Milwaukee, Wisconsin","creation":"1944","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-7-11-mezzanine-bcd394a101-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-48-8","model":"entity","index":"17 1542/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-48-8/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-48-8/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-48/ddr-csujad-48-8-mezzanine-f7fa85e213-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-48/ddr-csujad-48-8-mezzanine-f7fa85e213-a.jpg"},"title":"Looking ahead","description":"Term paper by Betty Hashimoto for period III Social Problems class taught by Mr. Harry Bentley Wells, a teacher at Manzanar High School. Before being sent to Manzanar, Betty had planned to attend Woodbury Business College and then get a job as a receptionist with solid accounting skills. Betty briefly mentions a need for the Nisei community to prove their loyalty to the \"motherland,\" America. She hopes to move to Chicago soon to work as a stenographer and to attend school to improve her accounting skills. Betty's mentions her proposed future husband was working as a doctor in New York and looking to volunteer for the Army. She proposed to delay plans for a family and then dives into a discussion on growing up with much older siblings and making friends with people older than herself. Finally, Betty discusses the useful information she learned in her Social Problems course. She will not go into the world ignorant, for ignorant people cannot hope to be successful. Betty concludes with the idea that her immediate future is in the hands of the War Relocation Authority. Transcription is found in item: ecm_wells_9008. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ecm_wells_0008","extent":"5 pages, 10 x 8 inches, handwritten","links_children":"ddr-csujad-48-8","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Hashimoto, Betty"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Education","id":"73"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Impact of incarceration","id":"78"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Eastern California Museum","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Manzanar, California","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"3/1/1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hashimoto, Betty author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-48-8-mezzanine-f7fa85e213-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-381-30","model":"entity","index":"18 1543/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-381-30/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-381-30/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-381/ddr-densho-381-30-mezzanine-fcd487a8d6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-381/ddr-densho-381-30-mezzanine-fcd487a8d6-a.jpg"},"title":"Information bulletin","description":"An information bulletin with articles about Minidoka's population, a train wreck, news from Seattle, bus fares, job offers, and three pages of Japanese text, possibly a translation.","extent":"8.5W x 14H","links_children":"ddr-densho-381-30","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Returning home","id":"106"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- War Relocation Authority (WRA)","id":"403"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng","jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"War Relocation Authority"},{"namepart":"Robertson, Paul G."},{"namepart":"Itano, Nobuo"},{"namepart":"Yatsutomi, Yoneji"},{"namepart":"Kizuka, Dick I."},{"namepart":"Yoshinobu, James S."},{"namepart":"Yamasawa, Kana"},{"namepart":"Sandmeyer, Stowell"},{"namepart":"Hashizume, Yoshiharu"},{"namepart":"Koyama, George"},{"namepart":"Kihara, Ichimatsu"},{"namepart":"Kihara, Yoshito"},{"namepart":"Kihara, May"},{"namepart":"Kihara, Helen"},{"namepart":"Kihara, Naomi"},{"namepart":"Kihara, Joyce"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Shigeru"},{"namepart":"Shigeru, May Yoshiko"},{"namepart":"Shigeru, Thomas Kenji"},{"namepart":"Shigeru, Ruth Michike"},{"namepart":"Shigeru, Katherine Reiko"},{"namepart":"Arase, Hanako"},{"namepart":"Ito, Mits"},{"namepart":"Ring, Fred"},{"namepart":"Jitodai, Toruo"},{"namepart":"McClain, R.P."},{"namepart":"Carpenter, J. Henry"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"misc_document","facility":[{"term":"Poston (Colorado River)","id":"2"},{"term":"Minidoka","id":"8"}],"creation":"09/10/1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"War Relocation Authority \nRobertson, Paul G. \nItano, Nobuo \nYatsutomi, Yoneji \nKizuka, Dick I. \nYoshinobu, James S. \nYamasawa, Kana \nSandmeyer, Stowell \nHashizume, Yoshiharu \nKoyama, George \nKihara, Ichimatsu \nKihara, Yoshito \nKihara, May \nKihara, Helen \nKihara, Naomi \nKihara, Joyce \nMatsumoto, Shigeru \nShigeru, May Yoshiko \nShigeru, Thomas Kenji \nShigeru, Ruth Michike \nShigeru, Katherine Reiko \nArase, Hanako \nIto, Mits \nRing, Fred \nJitodai, Toruo \nMcClain, R.P. \nCarpenter, J. Henry","download_large":"ddr-densho-381-30-mezzanine-fcd487a8d6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-381-55","model":"entity","index":"19 1544/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-381-55/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-381-55/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-381/ddr-densho-381-55-mezzanine-3b06124247-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-381/ddr-densho-381-55-mezzanine-3b06124247-a.jpg"},"title":"Report and minority views of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities on Japanese War Relocation Centers","description":"A report submitted by John M. Costello to the House of Representatives discussing concerns with the War Relocation Authority's management of the concentration camps.","extent":"6W x 9.25H","links_children":"ddr-densho-381-55","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Costello, John M."}],"topics":[{"term":"Race and racism","id":"36"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- War Relocation Authority (WRA)","id":"403"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- Registration and the \"loyalty questionnaire\"","id":"85"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Conflicts, intimidation, and violence -- Manzanar riot/uprising","id":"414"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Food","id":"68"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp","id":"101"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Costello, John M."},{"namepart":"Eberharter, Herman P."},{"namepart":"Myer, Dillon S."},{"namepart":"DeWitt, John"},{"namepart":"Thomas, J. Parnell"},{"namepart":"Empie, Augustus W."},{"namepart":"Slocum, Tokutaro"},{"namepart":"Chuman, Frank"},{"namepart":"Goto, James M."},{"namepart":"Iwata, Jack"},{"namepart":"Kashitani, J. A."},{"namepart":"Kikuchi, Niya"},{"namepart":"Kondo, Choyoi"},{"namepart":"Masaoka, Joe"},{"namepart":"Mori, Chiye"},{"namepart":"Nagatomi, Shingo"},{"namepart":"Ogura, Frederick"},{"namepart":"Tanaka, Togo"},{"namepart":"Watanabe, Walter"},{"namepart":"Yasuda, Frank"},{"namepart":"Onodera, Sho"},{"namepart":"Tashimi, Roy"},{"namepart":"Higashi, Kiyoshi"},{"namepart":"Imai, Tom"},{"namepart":"Itami, Akira Dave"},{"namepart":"Toyama, Mitsuru"},{"namepart":"Nakamura, Tekichi"},{"namepart":"Shirrell, Elmer L."},{"namepart":"Dies, Martin"},{"namepart":"Starnes, Joe"},{"namepart":"Mason, Noah M."},{"namepart":"Mundt, Karl E."},{"namepart":"Nakasuji, Mary"},{"namepart":"War Relocation Authority"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"essay","location":"Washington, D.C.","facility":[{"term":"Topaz (Central Utah)","id":"1"},{"term":"Poston (Colorado River)","id":"2"},{"term":"Gila River","id":"3"},{"term":"Granada (Amache)","id":"4"},{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"},{"term":"Jerome","id":"6"},{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"},{"term":"Minidoka","id":"8"},{"term":"Rohwer","id":"9"},{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"09/30/1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Costello, John M. author Costello, John M. \nEberharter, Herman P. \nMyer, Dillon S. \nDeWitt, John \nThomas, J. Parnell \nEmpie, Augustus W. \nSlocum, Tokutaro \nChuman, Frank \nGoto, James M. \nIwata, Jack \nKashitani, J. A. \nKikuchi, Niya \nKondo, Choyoi \nMasaoka, Joe \nMori, Chiye \nNagatomi, Shingo \nOgura, Frederick \nTanaka, Togo \nWatanabe, Walter \nYasuda, Frank \nOnodera, Sho \nTashimi, Roy \nHigashi, Kiyoshi \nImai, Tom \nItami, Akira Dave \nToyama, Mitsuru \nNakamura, Tekichi \nShirrell, Elmer L. \nDies, Martin \nStarnes, Joe \nMason, Noah M. \nMundt, Karl E. \nNakasuji, Mary \nWar Relocation Authority","download_large":"ddr-densho-381-55-mezzanine-3b06124247-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024","model":"collection","index":"20 1545/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},"title":"Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films","description":"The Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films includes over 100 films and videos about the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans on the West Coast during World War II. With footage spanning over eighty years, from the 1940s to the present, this library includes a wide range of projects that represent diverse viewpoints on this important episode in U.S. history.\r\n\r\nThe earliest films in this library were created while the incarceration was still ongoing. Jointly produced by the War Relocation Authority and the Office of War Information, these films depicted the incarceration as benignly as possible and highlighted opportunities outside of the West Coast exclusion area, both to encourage incarcerated Japanese Americans to “resettle” in areas outside the restricted area and to encourage other Americans to accept Japanese Americans as neighbors. After decades of silence following the war, documentary films in the 1970s and 1980s—produced in the context of the Redress Movement—told a different story of racism, hardship, and forced removal and incarceration, including many works told from the perspective of Japanese Americans themselves. In the aftermath of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, an era of public funding began in the 1990s, which brought a flood of both documentary and narrative films that look at many aspects of the incarceration story.\r\n\r\nEach of the films included in this collection is accompanied by an article in the Densho Resource Guide to Media on the Japanese American Removal and Incarceration (https://resourceguide.densho.org/). Each article includes a synopsis, background information, production credits, and suggestions for further viewing, as well as links to relevant articles in Densho’s online encyclopedia (https://encyclopedia.densho.org/). \r\n\r\nThere are two primary purposes for this project: preservation and education.\r\n\r\nIt is an unfortunate fact of film history that large numbers of important films are ultimately lost to time. While the earliest government-produced films about the incarceration are readily available, a large percentage of films from the Redress era are difficult to find thirty and forty years later. With the generation of filmmakers who produced these early works aging and even passing on, this is a crucial time to preserve these works for posterity. Internet Archive (https://archive.org/) and its robust infrastructure represent the best way to ensure the preservation and availability of these films. \r\n\r\nAs current events bring renewed interest in the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans, the demand for relevant educational materials increases. While recent years have seen large amounts of materials made available online—including archival documents, photographs, and online exhibitions from the National Archives, university libraries, and community organizations, such as Densho—there has not been any systematic effort to collect and preserve film and video in particular. As such, this collection represents an important archive for both historians and educators, whether to show films in classes or to explore the evolution of how the incarceration story has been told over time.\r\n\r\nDensho intends to continue adding films to this digital library, and we encourage the public, as well as filmmakers themselves, to suggest additional titles for inclusion.\r\n\r\nWe hope that the Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films can both serve as a resource to help educators and researchers tell the story of the World War II incarceration, while also helping to preserve this important event’s rich filmic legacy.\r\n\r\nThe Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films was created by Densho (https://densho.org/) in collaboration with Internet Archive (https://archive.org/), and was funded, in part, by a grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Japanese American Confinement Sites Grant Program (https://www.nps.gov/jacs/). The views and conclusions contained in the films in this library are those of the filmmakers and producers and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government, Densho, or Internet Archive.\r\n\r\nSee this collection in the Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films at the Internet Archive.","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024","language":[""],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-483-100","model":"entity","index":"21 1546/{'value': 1547, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-483-100/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-483-100/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-483/ddr-densho-483-100-mezzanine-600e5c3efd-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-483/ddr-densho-483-100-mezzanine-600e5c3efd-a.jpg"},"title":"Scrapbook of newspaper clipping","description":"Loose scrapbook pages containing newspaper and magazine clipping, a press release, and a speech transcript. Selected article titles: Seattle Post-Intelligencer: \"Seattle Japs return home\" (p. 1), \"The National Director speaks to residents\" (p. 2), \"237 Bainbridge Japs leave, head south\" (p. 3), \"No refunds for japs, says city\" (p. 4), \"Sad farewells while troops stand by\" (p. 4), \"Tears, smiles mingle as Japs bid Bainbridge farewell\" (p. 4), \"Order 'freezes' aliens on coast\" (p. 4), Seattle Times: \"Evacuation scenes -:- sad farewells\" (p. 5), \"Tears, smiles mingle as Japs bid Bainbridge farewell\" (p. 5), \"Bainbridge Island Japanese go south\" (p. 6), Seattle Post-Intelligencer: \"Bainbridge Japs leave\" (p. 7), \"221 quit homes in first evacuation\" (p. 7), \"Worthy to bear arms and die but not to grow tomatoes!\" (p. 9), \"Wise men still look to Bethlehem\" (p. 15), \"President Roosevelt's promise must be fulfilled!\" (p. 17), \"A lesson in understanding\" (p. 24), Letters to the editor of Bainbridge Review (p. 25), \"Army ban revocation 'excites' evacuees who delay decision to return\" (p. 26), \"Schuyler charges 'smear' as review is hit again: 34 attend 'anti-Jap' meet\" (p. 27), \"Race and Racism\" press release with text of speech (p. 32-41), \"Army ships 227 to camps in California\" (p. 42), \"Steel center on Hokkaido new target\" (p. 43), \"Florists spurn his flowers, says U.S.-born Japanese\" (p. 43), \"Our 110,000 New Boarders\" (p. 45), Seattle Post-Intelligencer: \"Frozen money worries Japanese\" (p. 49)","extent":"pages: 9.75W x 13.625H; clipping: various sizes","links_children":"ddr-densho-483-100","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Preparation","id":"189"},{"term":"World War II -- Non-incarcerated Japanese Americans","id":"54"},{"term":"World War II -- Economic losses","id":"59"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Returning home","id":"106"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers","id":"61"},{"term":"Race and racism","id":"36"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Mass media","id":"391"},{"term":"Japan -- During World War II","id":"164"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Bainbridge Island","id":"291"}],"format":"doc","persons":[{"namepart":"100th Infantry Battalion of the United States"},{"namepart":"442nd Infantry Battalion of the United States"},{"namepart":"Arota, Ebaristo"},{"namepart":"Arota, Miko"},{"namepart":"Bainbridge Island Review"},{"namepart":"DeWitt, John L."},{"namepart":"First Japanese Baptist Church"},{"namepart":"Fukushima, Jun"},{"namepart":"Fukuyama, Tsutomi \"Tom\""},{"namepart":"Hashimoto, Shozo"},{"namepart":"Hayashi, Mary"},{"namepart":"Hayashida, Hiroshi"},{"namepart":"Hayashida, Toyoko"},{"namepart":"Hayashida, Yasuko"},{"namepart":"Hirakawa, K."},{"namepart":"Japanese Baptist Church (Winslow, Wash.)"},{"namepart":"Japanese Buddhist Temple"},{"namepart":"Katayama, Yoshio"},{"namepart":"Kawachi, Gary"},{"namepart":"Kawachi, George"},{"namepart":"Kawachi, Jean"},{"namepart":"Kawachi, Ted"},{"namepart":"Kawaguchi, John"},{"namepart":"Kayomo, John"},{"namepart":"Kikuchi, Tomayaki"},{"namepart":"Kimoshita, Francis"},{"namepart":"Kirakawa, Kihachi"},{"namepart":"Kitayama Greenhouse and Gardens"},{"namepart":"Kitayama, Ted"},{"namepart":"Koura, Arthuir"},{"namepart":"Koura, Florence"},{"namepart":"Koura, Kenso"},{"namepart":"Koura, Sachiko"},{"namepart":"Lipphard, William B."},{"namepart":"Makamura, William"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Carrie"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Mary"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Suma"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Tom"},{"namepart":"McEvoy, J. P."},{"namepart":"Moji, Y."},{"namepart":"Myer, Dillon S."},{"namepart":"Nagano, Florence"},{"namepart":"Nagano, Paul"},{"namepart":"Nagatagawa, Clifford"},{"namepart":"Nagatani, F. O."},{"namepart":"Nagatani, Ichiro"},{"namepart":"Nakagawa, Charles"},{"namepart":"Nakagawa, Henry"},{"namepart":"Nakata, John"},{"namepart":"Nakata, M."},{"namepart":"Nishimira, Kejo"},{"namepart":"Okazaki, H."},{"namepart":"Omodera, Fumi"},{"namepart":"Omoto, M."},{"namepart":"Omoto, Sadayoshi"},{"namepart":"Onedera, Saturo"},{"namepart":"Powell, Sidney W."},{"namepart":"Roosevelt, Franklin Delano"},{"namepart":"Sakai, Yacko"},{"namepart":"Sawada, George"},{"namepart":"Scavvoto, James"},{"namepart":"Schuyler, Lambert"},{"namepart":"Stafford, H. L."},{"namepart":"Sumitomo Bank"},{"namepart":"Suyamatsu, Akio"},{"namepart":"Suyematsu, Isamu"},{"namepart":"Takayoshi, Takato"},{"namepart":"Takemoto, Tami"},{"namepart":"Tamaka, Matusaburo"},{"namepart":"Terashita, Henry"},{"namepart":"Terashita, Hideo"},{"namepart":"Terashita, Masao"},{"namepart":"Thomas, W. 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