This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film Unfinished Business.
This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.","extent":"00:09:04","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-17-11","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":166,"namepart":"Roger Daniels"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp","id":"101"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"November 18, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Roger Daniels narrator","download_large":"denshovh-droger-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"900","model":"narrator","index":"2 852/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/900/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/900/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-452_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-452_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/900/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bob Suzuki","bio":"Nisei-han male. Born January 2, 1936, in Portland, Oregon, where father worked for the railroad. During World War II, removed to the Portland Assembly Center, Oregon, and the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. After leaving camp, family moved to a small community outside of Spokane, Washington, to farm. Went to UC Berkeley and Caltech, then taught at the Department of Aerospace Engineering at the University of Southern California. He served as chair of the National Education Commission of the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL), and vice chair of the Community Advisory Committee for the Desegregation of the Pasadena Schools. Held several positions in academic administration including Dean of Graduate Studies and Research at California State University, Los Angeles, Vice President for Academic Affairs at California State University, Northridge, and President of California State Polytechnic University, Pomona."},{"id":"130","model":"narrator","index":"3 853/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/130/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/130/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yjoe.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yjoe.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/130/interviews/"},"display_name":"Joe Yasutake","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 25, 1932, in Seattle, Washington. Father employed by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as interpreter for twenty years, until separated from family on December 7, 1941 and interned as an enemy alien. Removed from Seattle with mother, sister and two brothers in 1942. Attended school (fifth through sixth grades) while incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, and U.S. Department of Justice internment camp at Crystal City, TX. Reunited with father, Jack Kaichiro Yasutake, who was transferred from the U.S. Department of Justice internment camp in Lordsburg, NM to Crystal City, TX camp in 1944. After release from Crystal City camp, moved with parents to Cincinnati, OH. Moved with parents to Chicago, Illinois where father served as Executive Director of the Chicago Resettlers Committee. After high school graduation, attended Lawrence College in Wisconsin. Graduated from University of Illinois. Commissioned as lieutenant, U.S. Army, 1954, assigned to artillery and served in Germany. Returned to U.S. in 1956, discharged from the army. Married, had three sons. Late wife died in 1984. Was remarried in 1988 and has one stepdaughter. Received M.A., New York University. Moved to Ohio, employed by U.S. Air Force as psychologist. Received Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus OH. Moved to Denver, CO. Retired in 1986 from the U.S. Air Force Human Resources Laboratory. Moved to California, employed by Lockheed. Serves in a volunteer capacity with community organizations, including as president of the Japanese American Museum of San Jose, and speaks at schools to educate students about the experiences of Japanese Americans and loss of constitutional rights during World War II. Also serves as chair of the San Jose Japantown Preservation Committee."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-2","model":"entity","index":"4 854/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"
(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film Unfinished Business.
This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"01:15:22","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-2","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","creation":"October 25, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-379","model":"collection","index":"5 855/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-379/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-379/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-379/ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-379/ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg"},"title":"Sumida Family Collection","description":"The Sumida Family Collection contains material about Chimata and Masako Murakami Sumida and their six children, Alice Yuriko Endo, Grace Rayko Nagai, Emmy Ito, Marshall Masaru Sumida, Theodore Tetsuro Sumida, Marjorie Yohko Matsumoto, and their families. Before World War II, Chimata Sumida owned a music store located in Los Angeles’ Japanese Town that sold music, instruments, radios, and other small electronics. After 3 FBI interrogations, Chimata and his worker, Yoshio Takashima, were arrested on January 16, 1942, detained at the Los Angeles County Jail, transferred to Tuna Canyon Detention Station, and interned at the Fort Missoula Alien Detention Center.
\r\n\r\nThe collection begins with a series of letters between Chimata Sumida written during his internment in the Fort Missoula Alien Detention Center to and from his wife and children. These censored letters describe the harsh conditions and social atmosphere at Ft. Missoula and chaotic life in Los Angeles preparing for the upcoming Executive 9066 evacuation and its consequences. An important portion of this collection are copies of documents contained in Chimata Sumida’s U.S. Department of Justice file obtained from the U.S. Archives. Contained in this file are Chimata’s testimony during his Alien Enemy Hearing Board, the docketed Department of Justice Alien Enemy Hearing Board Report with its split 2-1 decision recommendation in favor of internment, the Memorandum to the Chief of the Review Division recommending parole, and the final Order signed by Attorney General Biddle granting parole under the conditions and restrictions indicated in the document.
\r\n\r\nAfter Chimata Sumida’s transfer to Rohwer Relocation Center, he soon became a prominent Issei leader of the camp. He met 6 days a week with more than 600 Issei nightly who listened to his translation of American News into Japanese. He served as a committeeman on the Resettlement Advisory Board and was chairman of the Resettlement Committee organized by the Community Council. In addition, he collaborated with two other Issei, T. Takashima and S. Muraoka, to submit a proposal to various U.S. government agencies to establish cooperative colonies in rural areas of the United States suitable for farming to relocate 13,000 settlers from various WRA relocation camps. This plan was ultimately rejected by Dillon Myer, Director of the War Relocation Authority.
\r\n\r\nAfter leaving Rohwer Relocation Camp in 1945, Chimata and Masako Sumida resettled in Washington, D.C. with their children and grandchildren. Most of the Sumida family eventually moved back to the west coast. However, the Endos remained in the Washington, D.C. area and remained active in the community. They participated in many civil rights events including the 1963 March on Washington.","links_children":"ddr-densho-379","language":["eng","jpn"],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-379-734-mezzanine-d569eaec62-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-365","model":"collection","index":"6 856/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-365/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-365/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-365/ddr-densho-365-7-mezzanine-6140e99b60-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-365/ddr-densho-365-7-mezzanine-6140e99b60-a.jpg"},"title":"Takeharu Inouye Collection","description":"At the age of thirteen, Takeharu Inouye and his immediate family experienced forced relocation to the Sacramento Assembly Center (Walerga), and were subsequently moved to the Tule Lake concentration camp. They remained at Tule Lake for the duration of WWII due to their \"disloyal\" sentiments. Takeharu recorded his experiences at Tule Lake in three diaries, which describe his struggles with the American and Japanese schools, the difficult farm work, the emotional fallout from the Tule Lake labor strikes, and the limited recreational options available to young Japanese Americans in the camp. He provides details on the movies he watched, the effects of the weather each day, and the tension caused by escalating military presence. \r\n\r\nThis bulk of this collection is composed of Takeharu Inouye's three diaries, dated from 1942-1944. Also included are four items pertaining to Takeharu Inouye's employment during and after WWII: one W.R.A. nametag, one Civil Service Commission Notice of Rating, and two War Department Notifications of Personnel Action. An envelope containing various programs and itineraries for the 1994 Tule Lake Pilgrimage accompanies photographs of Takeharu's trips to Oregon and California with his wife, Setsuko. A clipping of Takeharu Inouye's obituary in an Idaho newspaper provides a conclusion for this collection.","links_children":"ddr-densho-365","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-365-7-mezzanine-6140e99b60-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-14","model":"entity","index":"7 857/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-14/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-14/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Lorraine Bannai Interview","description":"Sansei female. Born 1955 in Los Angeles, CA. Grew up in Gardena, CA, surrounded by a large Japanese American community. Influenced by father's role in community and politics, and mother's emphasis on education. Attended University of California, Santa Barbara where she became increasingly aware of Japanese American history, issues of ethnic identity and racial inequality. Attended the University of San Francisco School of Law where she honed her commitment to political and social activism. Only a few years out of law school, she joined a team of lawyers working to reopen the Supreme Court's 1944 decision in Korematsu v. United States. Convicted of violating the exclusion order during World War II, Mr. Korematsu's case went all the way to the Supreme Court where the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans was upheld as constitutional, based on the government's argument of \"military necessity.\" Through a petition for writ of error coram nobis (establishing that the case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution), the legal team reopened the case, provided evidence that the factual underpinnings to the exclusion orders were fraudulent, and successfully had the Korematsu conviction vacated, as well as a handful of other similar convictions. In this interview, Ms. Bannai discusses the coram nobis legal team, the support for the effort among the Japanese American community, and personal lessons gained from being a part of this effort.
(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film Unfinished Business.
This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"00:08:03","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-14","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":112,"namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"October 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lorraine Bannai narrator","download_large":"denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-16","model":"entity","index":"8 858/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-16/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-16/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-ipeter-03-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-ipeter-03-a.jpg"},"title":"Peter Irons Interview","description":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego.
(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film Unfinished Business.
This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"01:06:01","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-16","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":122,"namepart":"Peter Irons"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"November 11, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peter Irons narrator","download_large":"denshovh-ipeter-03-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-128","model":"entity","index":"9 859/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-128/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-128/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpaul-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpaul-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Paul Bannai Interview I","description":"Nisei male. Born July 4, 1920 in Delta, Colorado. Grew up in small mining and farming towns in Colorado, Utah and Arizona, until his family moved to Boyle Heights in the Los Angeles, California area. After graduating from high school, he tested discrimination and employment practices and eventually succeeded in obtaining a job at a bank. During World War II, his family was held in Manzanar concentration camp, California. Mr. Bannai joined the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and was later transferred to the U.S. Military Intelligence Service. He served in New Guinea and elsewhere overseas, was an interpreter for the Allied Translator and Interpreter Service (ATIS), and interpreted at the surrender of Japanese forces at ceremonies in Indonesia. Married and eventually resettled in Gardena, California, where he worked in the floral industry before founding the Bannai Realty and Insurance Company. An extremely active community and civic volunteer, Mr. Bannai joined the Elks Club as well as many veterans' and other organizations. He was elected to the Gardena city council in 1972, and in 1973 was elected to the California State Legislature. In 1980, Mr. Bannai became the executive director of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC). In 1981, he was appointed chief director of the Memorial Affairs Department of the Veterans Administration by President Ronald Reagan.","extent":"02:27:06","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-128","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":123,"namepart":"Paul Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0099c15","namepart":"Bannai, Paul Takeo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 28, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Paul Bannai narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Bannai, Paul Takeo 88922nr0099c15","download_large":"denshovh-bpaul-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-150","model":"entity","index":"10 860/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-150/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-150/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpaul-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpaul-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Paul Bannai Interview II","description":"Nisei male. Born July 4, 1920 in Delta, Colorado. Grew up in small mining and farming towns in Colorado, Utah and Arizona, until his family moved to Boyle Heights in the Los Angeles, California area. After graduating from high school, he tested discrimination and employment practices and eventually succeeded in obtaining a job at a bank. During World War II, his family was held in Manzanar concentration camp, California. Mr. Bannai joined the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and was later transferred to the U.S. Military Intelligence Service. He served in New Guinea and elsewhere overseas, was an interpreter for the Allied Translator and Interpreter Service (ATIS), and interpreted at the surrender of Japanese forces at ceremonies in Indonesia. Married and eventually resettled in Gardena, California, where he worked in the floral industry before founding the Bannai Realty and Insurance Company. An extremely active community and civic volunteer, Mr. Bannai joined the Elks Club as well as many veterans' and other organizations. He was elected to the Gardena city council in 1972, and in 1973 was elected to the California State Legislature. In 1980, Mr. Bannai became the executive director of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC). In 1981, he was appointed chief director of the Memorial Affairs Department of the Veterans Administration by President Ronald Reagan.","extent":"02:34:58","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-150","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":123,"namepart":"Paul Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0099c15","namepart":"Bannai, Paul Takeo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 29, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Paul Bannai narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Bannai, Paul Takeo 88922nr0099c15","download_large":"denshovh-bpaul-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-353","model":"entity","index":"11 861/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-353/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-353/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-353-mezzanine-9ab6f0f70c-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-353-mezzanine-9ab6f0f70c-a.jpg"},"title":"Keynote Talk: Rev. Ai Chih Tsai Biography and Legacy","description":"Notes for Taiwanese American Historical Society Keynote Talk on May 17, 2017","extent":"unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-353","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Peter"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Education","id":"31"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"Identity and values","id":"42"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Children","id":"509"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Chinese American identity","id":"455"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Men","id":"511"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Peter"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Whitney"},{"namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Cheng, Franklin P."},{"namepart":"Taiwanese American Historical Society"},{"namepart":"Tainan Presbyterian High School"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa) United States Office of Naval Intelligence"},{"namepart":"Columbia University"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Seattle Formosan Christian Church"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Kerr, George \"Jack\" H."},{"namepart":"Watkins, James T. IV"},{"namepart":"United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Allan"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Colin"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"narrative","creation":"May 17, 2017","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tsai, Peter author Tsai, Ai Chih \nTsai, Peter \nTsai, Whitney \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) \nCheng, Franklin P. \nTaiwanese American Historical Society \nTainan Presbyterian High School \nDoshisha Daigaku \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) United States Office of Naval Intelligence \nColumbia University \nUnited States Department of War \nUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) \nJapanese Congregational Church \nSeattle Formosan Christian Church \nCaldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nKerr, George \"Jack\" H. \nWatkins, James T. IV \nUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) \nShackleton, Allan \nShackleton, Colin","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-353-mezzanine-9ab6f0f70c-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-351","model":"entity","index":"12 862/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-351/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-351/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-351-mezzanine-0f7397e8ca-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-351-mezzanine-0f7397e8ca-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Times: Rev. Ai Chih Tsai: Memories by His Children","description":"Article submitted for publication in the Pacific Times on May 3, 2017.","extent":"unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-351","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Lee, Bisim (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Peter"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Education","id":"31"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"Identity and values","id":"42"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Children","id":"509"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Chinese American identity","id":"455"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Men","id":"511"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Community activities -- Recreational activities -- Mushroom picking","id":"310"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa) Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Lee, Bisim (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Peter"},{"namepart":"Taiwanese American Historical Society"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"Tainan Presbyterian High School"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Japanese Church of Christ"},{"namepart":"United States Naval Intelligence"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Maxwell, James"},{"namepart":"Kerr, George \"Jack\" H."},{"namepart":"Watkins, James T. IV"},{"namepart":"United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"narrative","creation":"April 11, 2017","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) author \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) author \nLee, Bisim (Tsai) author \nTsai, Peter author Tsai, Ai Chih \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) \nLee, Bisim (Tsai) \nTsai, Peter \nTaiwanese American Historical Society \nDoshisha Daigaku \nTainan Presbyterian High School \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nJapanese Church of Christ \nUnited States Naval Intelligence \nUnited States Department of War \nUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) \nJapanese Congregational Church \nMaxwell, James \nKerr, George \"Jack\" H. \nWatkins, James T. IV \nUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-351-mezzanine-0f7397e8ca-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-352","model":"entity","index":"13 863/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-352/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-352/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-352-mezzanine-89d9e30d7f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-352-mezzanine-89d9e30d7f-a.jpg"},"title":"Rev. Ai Chih Tsai Biography and Legacy","description":"Powerpoint for Taiwanese-American Historical Society Exhibit presented on May 17, 2017","extent":"unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-352","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Lee, Bisim (Tsai)"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Peter"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Education","id":"31"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"Identity and values","id":"42"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Children","id":"509"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Chinese American identity","id":"455"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Men","id":"511"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Peter"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Whitney"},{"namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Taiwanese American Historical Society"},{"namepart":"Tainan Presbyterian High School"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa) United States Office of Naval Intelligence"},{"namepart":"Columbia University"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Seattle Formosan Christian Church"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Kerr, George \"Jack\" H."},{"namepart":"Watkins, James T. IV"},{"namepart":"United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Allan"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Colin"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"narrative","creation":"May 17, 2017","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) author \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) author \nLee, Bisim (Tsai) author \nTsai, Peter author Tsai, Ai Chih \nTsai, Peter \nTsai, Whitney \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) \nTaiwanese American Historical Society \nTainan Presbyterian High School \nDoshisha Daigaku \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) United States Office of Naval Intelligence \nColumbia University \nUnited States Department of War \nUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) \nJapanese Congregational Church \nSeattle Formosan Christian Church \nCaldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nKerr, George \"Jack\" H. \nWatkins, James T. IV \nUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) \nShackleton, Allan \nShackleton, Colin","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-352-mezzanine-89d9e30d7f-a.jpg"},{"id":"123","model":"narrator","index":"14 864/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/123/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/123/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bpaul.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bpaul.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/123/interviews/"},"display_name":"Paul Bannai","bio":"Nisei male. Born July 4, 1920, in Delta, Colorado. Grew up in small mining and farming towns in Colorado, Utah and Arizona, until his family moved to Boyle Heights in the Los Angeles, California area. After graduating from high school, he tested discrimination and employment practices and eventually succeeded in obtaining a job at a bank. During World War II, his family was held in Manzanar concentration camp, California. Mr. Bannai joined the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, and was later transferred to the U.S. Military Intelligence Service. He served in New Guinea and elsewhere overseas, was an interpreter for the Allied Translator and Interpreter Service (ATIS), and interpreted at the surrender of Japanese forces at ceremonies in Indonesia. Married and eventually resettled in Gardena, California, where he worked in the floral industry before founding the Bannai Realty and Insurance Company. An extremely active community and civic volunteer, Mr. Bannai joined the Elks Club as well as many veterans' and other organizations. He was elected to the Gardena city council in 1972, and in 1973 was elected to the California State Legislature. In 1980, Mr. Bannai became the executive director of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC). In 1981, he was appointed chief director of the Memorial Affairs Department of the Veterans Administration by President Ronald Reagan."},{"id":"ddr-densho-468-158","model":"entity","index":"15 865/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-468-158/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-468-158/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-468/ddr-densho-468-158-mezzanine-244668ea60-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-468/ddr-densho-468-158-mezzanine-244668ea60-a.jpg"},"title":"Nonfiction manuscript: \"Road to Freedom\" with submission letter and rejection letter","description":"Manuscript of nonfiction narrative describing experience as Japanese-American seeking student leave from World War II incarceration. The manuscript incorporates letters to various college admission staff. Page one is a submission letter to the Yale Review. Page two is a rejection slip.","extent":"8.5W x 11H; 5.5W x 8.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-468-158","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Ishikawa, Joseph Bunichi"},{"role":"author","namepart":"Rostow, Eugene V."}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Literary arts -- Nonfiction","id":"244"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Student leave","id":"102"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Ishikawa, Joseph Bunichi"},{"namepart":"Rostow, Eugene V. (Eugene Victor)"},{"namepart":"Yale University"},{"namepart":"Thomas, Norman"},{"namepart":"Wimberley, Lowry C."},{"namepart":"Stepanek, O. (Orin)"},{"namepart":"University of Nebraska"},{"namepart":"National Japanese American Student Relocation Council"},{"namepart":"University of California, Los Angeles"},{"namepart":"United States, War Department"},{"namepart":"United States, Navy"},{"namepart":"University of Colorado"},{"namepart":"Duggan, Helen G."},{"namepart":"State University of Iowa"},{"namepart":"Cornell University"},{"namepart":"University of Minnesota"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago"},{"namepart":"Richards, Ray"},{"namepart":"Lovett, Robert Morss"},{"namepart":"Goss, R. W. (Robert Whitmore)"},{"namepart":"Seashore, Carl E. (Carl Emil)"},{"namepart":"Sabine, George Holland"},{"namepart":"Conard, Joseph W."},{"namepart":"Longueil, Alfred E."},{"namepart":"Rolfe, Franklin P. (Franklin Prescott)"},{"namepart":"King, Trudy"},{"namepart":"Ishikawa, Henry \"Hank\" Jinichi"},{"namepart":"Drew, Robert"},{"namepart":"United States, Federal Bureau of Investigation"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"manuscript","location":"Lincoln, Nebraska","facility":[{"term":"Santa Anita","id":"23"},{"term":"Granada (Amache)","id":"4"}],"creation":"January 22, 1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ishikawa, Joseph Bunichi author \nRostow, Eugene V. author Ishikawa, Joseph Bunichi \nRostow, Eugene V. (Eugene Victor) \nYale University \nThomas, Norman \nWimberley, Lowry C. \nStepanek, O. (Orin) \nUniversity of Nebraska \nNational Japanese American Student Relocation Council \nUniversity of California, Los Angeles \nUnited States, War Department \nUnited States, Navy \nUniversity of Colorado \nDuggan, Helen G. \nState University of Iowa \nCornell University \nUniversity of Minnesota \nUniversity of Chicago \nRichards, Ray \nLovett, Robert Morss \nGoss, R. W. (Robert Whitmore) \nSeashore, Carl E. (Carl Emil) \nSabine, George Holland \nConard, Joseph W. \nLongueil, Alfred E. \nRolfe, Franklin P. (Franklin Prescott) \nKing, Trudy \nIshikawa, Henry \"Hank\" Jinichi \nDrew, Robert \nUnited States, Federal Bureau of Investigation","download_large":"ddr-densho-468-158-mezzanine-244668ea60-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-136","model":"entity","index":"16 866/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-136/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-136/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-yjoe-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-yjoe-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Joe Yasutake Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born May 25, 1932, in Seattle, Washington. Father employed by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as interpreter for twenty years, until separated from family on December 7, 1941 and interned as an enemy alien. Removed from Seattle with mother, sister and two brothers in 1942. Attended school (fifth through sixth grades) while incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, and U.S. Department of Justice internment camp at Crystal City, TX. Reunited with father, Jack Kaichiro Yasutake, who was transferred from the U.S. Department of Justice internment camp in Lordsburg, NM to Crystal City, TX camp in 1944. After release from Crystal City camp, moved with parents to Cincinnati, OH. Moved with parents to Chicago, Illinois where father served as Executive Director of the Chicago Resettlers Committee. After high school graduation, attended Lawrence College in Wisconsin. Graduated from University of Illinois. Commissioned as lieutenant, U.S. Army, 1954, assigned to artillery and served in Germany. Returned to U.S. in 1956, discharged from the army. Married, had three sons. Late wife died in 1984. Was remarried in 1988 and has one stepdaughter. Received M.A., New York University. Moved to Ohio, employed by U.S. Air Force as psychologist. Received Ph.D. in Industrial Psychology, Ohio State University, Columbus OH. Moved to Denver, CO. Retired in 1986 from the U.S. Air Force Human Resources Laboratory. Moved to California, employed by Lockheed. Serves in a volunteer capacity with community organizations, including as president of the Japanese American Museum of San Jose, and speaks at schools to educate students about the experiences of Japanese Americans and loss of constitutional rights during World War II. Also serves as chair of the San Jose Japantown Preservation Committee.
(Joseph Yasutake was interviewed together with his sister Mitsuye (Yasutake) Yamada and surviving brother, William Toshio Yasutake, in group sessions on October 8-9, 2002. He was also interviewed individually on October 9, 2002.
Before being contacted by Densho, the Yasutake siblings had planned to conduct their own family history interviews. Individually and jointly, they and other family members had written and gathered material documenting their family history. They shared much of this with me to assist with research and preparation for the Densho interview. Mitsuye's daughter Jeni had coordinated much of the family history work. Jeni participated as a secondary interviewer during the group sessions, October 8-9, 2002.The group interview sessions were conducted in Seattle at the home of Tom Ikeda, executive director of Densho. The oldest Yasutake sibling, Reverend Seiichi Michael Yasutake, had passed away less than a year before the Densho interviewing, in December, 2001. The remaining siblings emphasized that his absence left a gap in their discussion of family history. In addition to Jeni Yamada and videographers Dana Hoshide and John Pai, also present during some portions of the group interview were Tom Ikeda, and Mitsuye Yamada's son Kai Yamada.)","extent":"01:20:38","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-136","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":130,"namepart":"Joe Yasutake"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 9, 2002","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Joe Yasutake narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer","download_large":"denshovh-yjoe-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024","model":"collection","index":"17 867/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},"title":"Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films","description":"The Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films includes over 100 films and videos about the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans on the West Coast during World War II. With footage spanning over eighty years, from the 1940s to the present, this library includes a wide range of projects that represent diverse viewpoints on this important episode in U.S. history.\r\n\r\nThe earliest films in this library were created while the incarceration was still ongoing. Jointly produced by the War Relocation Authority and the Office of War Information, these films depicted the incarceration as benignly as possible and highlighted opportunities outside of the West Coast exclusion area, both to encourage incarcerated Japanese Americans to “resettle” in areas outside the restricted area and to encourage other Americans to accept Japanese Americans as neighbors. After decades of silence following the war, documentary films in the 1970s and 1980s—produced in the context of the Redress Movement—told a different story of racism, hardship, and forced removal and incarceration, including many works told from the perspective of Japanese Americans themselves. In the aftermath of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988, an era of public funding began in the 1990s, which brought a flood of both documentary and narrative films that look at many aspects of the incarceration story.\r\n\r\nEach of the films included in this collection is accompanied by an article in the Densho Resource Guide to Media on the Japanese American Removal and Incarceration (https://resourceguide.densho.org/). Each article includes a synopsis, background information, production credits, and suggestions for further viewing, as well as links to relevant articles in Densho’s online encyclopedia (https://encyclopedia.densho.org/). \r\n\r\nThere are two primary purposes for this project: preservation and education.\r\n\r\nIt is an unfortunate fact of film history that large numbers of important films are ultimately lost to time. While the earliest government-produced films about the incarceration are readily available, a large percentage of films from the Redress era are difficult to find thirty and forty years later. With the generation of filmmakers who produced these early works aging and even passing on, this is a crucial time to preserve these works for posterity. Internet Archive (https://archive.org/) and its robust infrastructure represent the best way to ensure the preservation and availability of these films. \r\n\r\nAs current events bring renewed interest in the World War II incarceration of Japanese Americans, the demand for relevant educational materials increases. While recent years have seen large amounts of materials made available online—including archival documents, photographs, and online exhibitions from the National Archives, university libraries, and community organizations, such as Densho—there has not been any systematic effort to collect and preserve film and video in particular. As such, this collection represents an important archive for both historians and educators, whether to show films in classes or to explore the evolution of how the incarceration story has been told over time.\r\n\r\nDensho intends to continue adding films to this digital library, and we encourage the public, as well as filmmakers themselves, to suggest additional titles for inclusion.\r\n\r\nWe hope that the Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films can both serve as a resource to help educators and researchers tell the story of the World War II incarceration, while also helping to preserve this important event’s rich filmic legacy.\r\n\r\nThe Digital Library of Japanese American Incarceration Films was created by Densho (https://densho.org/) in collaboration with Internet Archive (https://archive.org/), and was funded, in part, by a grant from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Japanese American Confinement Sites Grant Program (https://www.nps.gov/jacs/). The views and conclusions contained in the films in this library are those of the filmmakers and producers and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government, Densho, or Internet Archive.\r\n\r\nSee this collection in the Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films at the Internet Archive.","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024","language":[""],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-127","model":"entity","index":"18 868/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-127/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-127/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Peter Irons Interview II","description":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego.","extent":"02:41:34","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-127","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":122,"namepart":"Peter Irons"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 27, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peter Irons narrator \nLorraine Bannai interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-126","model":"entity","index":"19 869/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-126/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-126/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Peter Irons Interview I","description":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego.","extent":"02:21:49","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-126","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":122,"namepart":"Peter Irons"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 25, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peter Irons narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nLorraine Bannai interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-414","model":"entity","index":"20 870/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-414/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-414/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-414-mezzanine-79b2682e39-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-414-mezzanine-79b2682e39-a.jpg"},"title":"Carbon copy letter from Ai Chih Tsai to J.Y. Lai","description":"Responding to Mr. Lai's letter about the history of Christians in Taiwan. (3 pages)","extent":"8.5W x 11H","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-414","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"}],"topics":[{"term":"Japan -- Pre-World War II","id":"163"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- San Diego","id":"487"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Naturalization","id":"176"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Christianity","id":"396"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Military service -- Post-World War II service","id":"297"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Issei","id":"43"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Lai, J.Y."},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Li"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Jin"},{"namepart":"Japanese Mutual Aid Society of Chicago"},{"namepart":"S.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051)"},{"namepart":"Japanese Church of Christ"},{"namepart":"Fourth Presbyterian Church"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa)"},{"namepart":"Ayano (Hirahara)"},{"namepart":"Morikawa, Kenji"},{"namepart":"Morikawa, George Kiyoshi"},{"namepart":"United States. Navy"},{"namepart":"Columbia University"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)"},{"namepart":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Allan J."},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Keiro Northwest"},{"namepart":"Peace Corps Kenya"},{"namepart":"Seattle Public Schools"},{"namepart":"Aca Mercer Middle School"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"University of North Carolina"},{"namepart":"University of Minnesota"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, Henry"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, Mark Ming Chih"},{"namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Poe, Donald"},{"namepart":"Poe, Sarah LiHoa"},{"namepart":"Lee, Bisim (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Lee, Larry"},{"namepart":"Lee, Kristi"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Peter"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Joyce"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"March 24, 1985","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tsai, Ai Chih author Tsai, Ai Chih \nLai, J.Y. \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nTsai, Ai Li \nDoshisha Daigaku \nTsai, Ai Jin \nJapanese Mutual Aid Society of Chicago \nS.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051) \nJapanese Church of Christ \nFourth Presbyterian Church \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) \nAyano (Hirahara) \nMorikawa, Kenji \nMorikawa, George Kiyoshi \nUnited States. Navy \nColumbia University \nUnited States Department of War \nUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) \nUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) \nShackleton, Allan J. \nJapanese Congregational Church \nKeiro Northwest \nPeace Corps Kenya \nSeattle Public Schools \nAca Mercer Middle School \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nUniversity of North Carolina \nUniversity of Minnesota \nCaldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nCaldwell, Henry \nCaldwell, Mark Ming Chih \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) \nPoe, Donald \nPoe, Sarah LiHoa \nLee, Bisim (Tsai) \nLee, Larry \nLee, Kristi \nTsai, Peter \nTsai, Joyce","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-414-mezzanine-79b2682e39-a.jpg"},{"id":"122","model":"narrator","index":"21 871/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/122/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/122/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ipeter.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ipeter.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/122/interviews/"},"display_name":"Peter Irons","bio":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego."},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-350","model":"entity","index":"22 872/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-350/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-350/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-350-mezzanine-b37ac0e8b4-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-350-mezzanine-b37ac0e8b4-a.jpg"},"title":"\"My Life Begins\"","description":"My Life Begins (autobiography): Ai Chih's parents, conversion to Christianity, education in Japan, arrival in US on student visa, U of Chicago, Robert Cashman, Keimer Shou, Japanese Christian Church (Chicago), War, Ordination, Meeting Ryo, Marriage, Navy-Columbia U, War Dept.-D.C., MD, US Strategic Bombing Survey, UNRRA","extent":"unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-350","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Chinese American identity","id":"455"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Military service -- Postwar occupation of Japan","id":"199"},{"term":"Education","id":"31"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Men","id":"511"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Parents","id":"513"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Arrival","id":"4"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- The journey","id":"3"},{"term":"Japan","id":"108"},{"term":"Japan -- Pre-World War II","id":"163"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Religion and churches","id":"29"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Christianity","id":"396"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Religious organizations","id":"397"},{"term":"World War II","id":"399"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Tek-It"},{"namepart":"Tainan Sin-Lau Hospital"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Tek-I"},{"namepart":"Maxwell, James"},{"namepart":"Aoyama Gakuin Senior High School"},{"namepart":"Doshisha High School"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"Tainan Presbyterian High School"},{"namepart":"Tainan shen xue yuan"},{"namepart":"St. John's University (Shanghai, China)"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Church"},{"namepart":"Hori, Teiichi"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Ji"},{"namepart":"Osaka Daigaku Igakubu"},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Preparatory School"},{"namepart":"Goto, Masaishi"},{"namepart":"Yokogawa, Fujiye"},{"namepart":"Sanwa Bank"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Le"},{"namepart":"University of Hong Kong"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Taiwan Foreign Bureau"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Jim"},{"namepart":"Shanghai Foreign Bureau"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Jin"},{"namepart":"Uratani, Michizo"},{"namepart":"Kimura, Kagsuji"},{"namepart":"S.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051)"},{"namepart":"Uchida, Takashi"},{"namepart":"Pacific School of Religion"},{"namepart":"Mitsubishi Ginko"},{"namepart":"Cashman, Robert"},{"namepart":"Morikawa, Yoshio"},{"namepart":"Chicago Theological Seminary"},{"namepart":"Shou, Keimer"},{"namepart":"Kyushu Daigaku"},{"namepart":"Woodlawn Dining Co-op"},{"namepart":"Chicago Congregational Association"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa) Morikawa, Ayano A36(Hirahara)"},{"namepart":"Fourth Presbyterian Church"},{"namepart":"Japanese Church of Christ"},{"namepart":"Palmer, Albert W."},{"namepart":"Anderson, Harrison Ray"},{"namepart":"Columbia University"},{"namepart":"United States Office of Naval Intelligence"},{"namepart":"MacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964"},{"namepart":"Pentagon (Va.)"},{"namepart":"United Nations Rescue and Relief Association (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Lee, Shinko"},{"namepart":"Kao, Tien Shin"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"narrative","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tsai, Ai Chih author Tsai, Ai Chih \nTsai, Tek-It \nTainan Sin-Lau Hospital \nTsai, Tek-I \nMaxwell, James \nAoyama Gakuin Senior High School \nDoshisha High School \nDoshisha Daigaku \nTainan Presbyterian High School \nTainan shen xue yuan \nSt. John's University (Shanghai, China) \nDoshisha Church \nHori, Teiichi \nTsai, Ai Ji \nOsaka Daigaku Igakubu \nJapanese Congregational Church \nDoshisha Preparatory School \nGoto, Masaishi \nYokogawa, Fujiye \nSanwa Bank \nTsai, Ai Le \nUniversity of Hong Kong \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nTaiwan Foreign Bureau \nTsai, Ai Jim \nShanghai Foreign Bureau \nTsai, Ai Jin \nUratani, Michizo \nKimura, Kagsuji \nS.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051) \nUchida, Takashi \nPacific School of Religion \nMitsubishi Ginko \nCashman, Robert \nMorikawa, Yoshio \nChicago Theological Seminary \nShou, Keimer \nKyushu Daigaku \nWoodlawn Dining Co-op \nChicago Congregational Association \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) Morikawa, Ayano A36(Hirahara) \nFourth Presbyterian Church \nJapanese Church of Christ \nPalmer, Albert W. \nAnderson, Harrison Ray \nColumbia University \nUnited States Office of Naval Intelligence \nMacArthur, Douglas, 1880-1964 \nPentagon (Va.) \nUnited Nations Rescue and Relief Association (UNRRA) \nUnited States Department of War \nCaldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nLee, Shinko \nKao, Tien Shin","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-350-mezzanine-b37ac0e8b4-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-413","model":"entity","index":"23 873/{'value': 874, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-413/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-413/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-413-mezzanine-6cd9d30c12-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-413-mezzanine-6cd9d30c12-a.jpg"},"title":"Carbon copy letter from Ai Chih Tsai to Ng Boksu","description":"Responding to Ng Boksu's inquiry about Taiwanese in the U.S. just before WWII. (5 pages)","extent":"8.5W x 11H","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-413","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Minnesota","id":"494"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Hawai'i","id":"277"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- San Diego","id":"487"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Bellevue","id":"292"},{"term":"Military service -- Post-World War II service","id":"297"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- Student clubs","id":"22"},{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Children","id":"509"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Arrival","id":"4"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Naturalization","id":"176"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Christianity","id":"396"},{"term":"World War II","id":"399"},{"term":"Japan -- Pre-World War II","id":"163"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Chih"},{"namepart":"Chiong, Khe-Beng"},{"namepart":"Chiong, Thian Ki"},{"namepart":"United States. Navy"},{"namepart":"Columbia University"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Japanese Church of Christ"},{"namepart":"Doshisha Daigaku"},{"namepart":"Whitman College"},{"namepart":"University of Chicago Divinity School"},{"namepart":"Chicago Theological Seminary"},{"namepart":"Cashman, Robert"},{"namepart":"Purdue University"},{"namepart":"United States Army"},{"namepart":"Chiong, Anna Fumi (Morikawa)"},{"namepart":"Chiong, Mei Lan"},{"namepart":"Hunter College"},{"namepart":"McCay, Chu Lan (Chiong)"},{"namepart":"McCay, Howard"},{"namepart":"McCay, Adam"},{"namepart":"McCay, Aaron"},{"namepart":"S.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051)"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Jin"},{"namepart":"Aoyama Gakuin"},{"namepart":"Yoshimune, Abe"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa)"},{"namepart":"Anderson, Harrison Ray"},{"namepart":"Fourth Presbyterian Church"},{"namepart":"United States Department of War"},{"namepart":"United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS)"},{"namepart":"United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA)"},{"namepart":"Chen, Yi"},{"namepart":"Shackleton, Allan J."},{"namepart":"Japanese Congregational Church"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Hui Sim"},{"namepart":"Ho, Show Shan"},{"namepart":"Lee, Shinko"},{"namepart":"Seattle Pacific College"},{"namepart":"Lee, George"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ai Yi"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Kim Siok"},{"namepart":"St. Louis Country Club"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, BiHoa (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, Mark Ming Chih"},{"namepart":"Keiro Northwest"},{"namepart":"Lee, Bisim (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Arthur Andersen LLP"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Peter"},{"namepart":"Providence Health and Services"},{"namepart":"Lee, Kristi"},{"namepart":"University of Washington"},{"namepart":"Seattle Public Schools"},{"namepart":"Poe, Bilin (Tsai)"},{"namepart":"Poe, Sarah LiHoa"},{"namepart":"University of Minnesota, Duluth"},{"namepart":"Tsai, Ryo (Morikawa)"},{"namepart":"Seattle Public Library"},{"namepart":"Caldwell, Henry"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 26, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tsai, Ai Chih author Tsai, Ai Chih \nChiong, Khe-Beng \nChiong, Thian Ki \nUnited States. Navy \nColumbia University \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nJapanese Church of Christ \nDoshisha Daigaku \nWhitman College \nUniversity of Chicago Divinity School \nChicago Theological Seminary \nCashman, Robert \nPurdue University \nUnited States Army \nChiong, Anna Fumi (Morikawa) \nChiong, Mei Lan \nHunter College \nMcCay, Chu Lan (Chiong) \nMcCay, Howard \nMcCay, Adam \nMcCay, Aaron \nS.S. Taiyo Maru (passenger ship) / S.S. Cap Fiinisterre (ID 4051) \nTsai, Ai Jin \nAoyama Gakuin \nYoshimune, Abe \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) \nAnderson, Harrison Ray \nFourth Presbyterian Church \nUnited States Department of War \nUnited States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) \nUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA) \nChen, Yi \nShackleton, Allan J. \nJapanese Congregational Church \nTsai, Hui Sim \nHo, Show Shan \nLee, Shinko \nSeattle Pacific College \nLee, George \nTsai, Ai Yi \nTsai, Kim Siok \nSt. Louis Country Club \nCaldwell, BiHoa (Tsai) \nCaldwell, Mark Ming Chih \nKeiro Northwest \nLee, Bisim (Tsai) \nArthur Andersen LLP \nTsai, Peter \nProvidence Health and Services \nLee, Kristi \nUniversity of Washington \nSeattle Public Schools \nPoe, Bilin (Tsai) \nPoe, Sarah LiHoa \nUniversity of Minnesota, Duluth \nTsai, Ryo (Morikawa) \nSeattle Public Library \nCaldwell, Henry","download_large":"ddr-densho-446-413-mezzanine-6cd9d30c12-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"War Department","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}