{"total":71,"limit":25,"offset":25,"prev_offset":0,"next_offset":50,"page_size":25,"this_page":2,"num_this_page":25,"prev_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=United States government&limit=25&offset=0","next_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=United States government&limit=25&offset=50","objects":[{"id":"ddr-csujad-42-86","model":"entity","index":"0 25/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-42-86/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-42-86/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-42/ddr-csujad-42-86-mezzanine-0b0e8817cc-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-42/ddr-csujad-42-86-mezzanine-0b0e8817cc-a.jpg"},"title":"Application for certificate of identification (aliens of enemy nationalities), Form AR-AE-22, Itsuhei Takano","description":"An application for certificate of identification, Form AR-AE-22, filled by Itsuhei Takano. The United States Government requires all aliens of enemy nationalities, including Italy, Germany, and Japan, to apply at a post office in February 1942. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/14329\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">tak_01_41_001</a>","extent":"2 pages, 10.5 x 8 inches, typescript","links_children":"ddr-csujad-42-86","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Takano, Itsuhei"},{"role":"author","namepart":"United States. Department of Justice"},{"role":"author","namepart":"United States. Alien Registration Division"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- \"Enemy alien\" classification","id":"84"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Issei","id":"43"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Los Angeles","id":"272"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"CSU Dominguez Hills Department of Archives and Special Collections","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"1942-02","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Takano, Itsuhei author \nUnited States. Department of Justice author \nUnited States. Alien Registration Division author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-42-86-mezzanine-0b0e8817cc-a.jpg"},{"id":"138","model":"narrator","index":"1 26/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/138/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/138/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bernest.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bernest.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/138/interviews/"},"display_name":"Ernest Besig","bio":"White male. Born May 30, 1904, in Albany, New York. Founder and Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California from 1934 to 1971. Fought for civil rights throughout his career, and was involved in the General Strike in San Francisco, the McCarthy Era, and the Free Speech, civil rights, and anti-war movements. Represented Fred Korematsu in 1942 in his case against the United States government."},{"id":"ddr-densho-10-9","model":"entity","index":"2 27/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-10-9/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-10-9/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-10/ddr-densho-10-9-mezzanine-18336bc6a6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-10/ddr-densho-10-9-mezzanine-18336bc6a6-a.jpg"},"title":"Cake celebrating the passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988","description":"The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed on August 10, 1988. The following month, a celebration was held at the Nisei Veterans Hall in Seattle, Washington. The logo on the cake stands for Issei, Nisei, and Sansei. The Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was enacted to redress the wrongs by the United States government against Japanese Americans during World War II. The Act called for a formal written apology from the President and $20,000 in compensation to each survivor incarcerated. The recommendations were made by the government appointed Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. (Identifcation on back of the photograph.)","extent":"2627W x 1664H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-10-9","topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Impact of redress movement","id":"116"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"September 1988","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-10-9-mezzanine-18336bc6a6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-56-75","model":"entity","index":"3 28/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-75/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-56-75/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-75-mezzanine-2627feaef3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-75-mezzanine-2627feaef3-a.jpg"},"title":"Federal Government Fights For Japanese. United States Files Two Suits in San Francisco to Gain Admission for Mikado's Subjects Into Schools. (January 18, 1907)","description":"The Seattle Daily Times, January 18, 1907, p. 8","extent":"Unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-56-75","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Seattle Times Company"}],"topics":[{"term":"Race and racism -- Discrimination","id":"37"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"January 18, 1907","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Seattle Times Company publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-56-75-mezzanine-2627feaef3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-18-41","model":"entity","index":"4 29/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-18-41/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-18-41/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 23 No. 14 (October 12, 1946)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Northern California ACLU Says Government Still Holding 631 Persons at Texas Camp\" (p. 1), \"Protest Restrictive Covenants At West Los Angeles Meeting. Civil Rights Groups Support Right of Japanese American Family to Occupy New Home\" (p. 1), \"500 Japanese Canadians Deported to Japan Aboard United States Army Vessel\" (p. 2), \"Federal Judge Raps Treatment Of Nisei Group During War. 101 Evacuees Who Refused To Report for Induction Fined One Cent Each in U.S. Cort\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-18-41","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"October 12, 1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-493-15","model":"entity","index":"5 30/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-493-15/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-493-15/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-493/ddr-densho-493-15-mezzanine-0a3d281349-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-493/ddr-densho-493-15-mezzanine-0a3d281349-a.jpg"},"title":"JACL Oath of Allegiance","description":"Oath of allegiance to the United States signed by Tomio Itabashi, of the Valley Civic League chapter of the Japanese American Citizens League. Text reads: \"Text reads: \"I, the undersigned, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States of America against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear rue faith and allegiance to the same; that I do hereby forswear and repudiate any other allegiance which I knowingly or unknowingly may have held heretofore; and that I take these obligations freely, without any mental reservation whatsoever or purpose of evasion. So help me God.\" Second page is affidavit, also signed by Tomio Itabashi, containing slightly more detailed language explicitly condemning the \"infamous machinations of the government of Japan\" and pledging allegiance to the U.S. Constitution. Both notarized by V. A. Crosby.","extent":"page 1: 8.5W x 11H; page 2: 8.5W x 14H","links_children":"ddr-densho-493-15","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"World War II -- Japanese American Citizens League activities","id":"400"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr003dg1g","namepart":"Itabashi, Tomio"},{"namepart":"Crosby, V.A."}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Auburn, Washington","creation":"April 6, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League author Itabashi, Tomio 88922nr003dg1g\nCrosby, V.A.","download_large":"ddr-densho-493-15-mezzanine-0a3d281349-a.jpg"},{"id":"585","model":"narrator","index":"6 31/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/585/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/585/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/oatsumi.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/oatsumi.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/585/interviews/"},"display_name":"Atsumi Ozawa","bio":"Nisei female. Born May 25, 1928, in Huancayo, Peru. Grew up in Huancayo, where father ran a successful store. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father went into hiding in an attempt to avoid being picked up by the Peruvian government. He was eventually found and picked up, and was reunited with family on the ship from Peru to the United States in 1944. Atsumi Ozawa was incarcerated with her family in the Crystal City internment camp, Texas. After leaving camp, worked for a time in Seabrook, New Jersey, and eventually moved to Chicago, Illinois."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-55-187","model":"entity","index":"7 32/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-55-187/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-55-187/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-187-mezzanine-0ff5c072b1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-187-mezzanine-0ff5c072b1-a.jpg"},"title":"Application for leave clearance, Form WRA 126 rev.","description":"Questionnaire distributed to adult female U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry and aliens. Individuals were required to supply information regarding place of birth, date of birth, citizenship, places of residence, height, weight, hair color, eye color, voter status, marital status and citizenship of spouse, the names and addresses of all relatives living in the United States, the names as addresses of all relatives living in Japan, education, foreign travel, occupation, employer's name, employer's address, religion, memberships in organizations, knowledge of foreign languages, hobbies, personal references, criminal record, foreign investments, financial contributions, magazine and newspaper subscriptions, whether or not the individual's birth was registered in Japan and whether the individual had ever applied for repatriation. In addition, registrants were asked whether they were willing to serve in the Army Nurse Corps or the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps, whether they were willing to swear allegiance to the United States, affiliation with the Japanese or Spanish government, registration of children with the Japanese or Spanish Consul, whether the individual had sent children to Japan, types of leave which the individual previously applied for, and kinds of employment desired. Also includes, \"Alternate Question #28: Will you swear to abide by the laws of the United States and take no action which would in any way interfere with the war effort of the United States?\"  Form DSS 304a. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/7645\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">sac_jaac_0189</a>","extent":"6 pages; 14 x 8.5 inches, typescript","links_children":"ddr-csujad-55-187","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"United States. War Relocation Authority"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp","id":"101"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Sacramento, Department of Special Collections and University Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"District of Columbia","creation":"1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"United States. War Relocation Authority author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-55-187-mezzanine-0ff5c072b1-a.jpg"},{"id":"419","model":"narrator","index":"8 33/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/419/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/419/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ykiyoshi.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ykiyoshi.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/419/interviews/"},"display_name":"Kiyoshi Seishin Yamashita","bio":"Nisei male. Born February 14, 1920, in Kent, Washington. Grew up in the nearby town of Auburn, where parents ran a farm. Family was involved Auburn Buddhist Church. Graduated from the University of Washington in 1942 and removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Recruited out of Tule Lake to teach at the Naval Intelligence Language School in Boulder, Colorado. Worked in Japan as a linguist for the U.S. government during the U.S. occupation. While in Japan, became a Buddhist minister. Eventually returned to the United States and worked for the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-19-84","model":"entity","index":"9 34/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-19-84/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-19-84/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-19/ddr-csujad-19-84-mezzanine-dc5d84c161-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-19/ddr-csujad-19-84-mezzanine-dc5d84c161-a.jpg"},"title":"Hawaii's 150,00 Japanese","description":"An article from \"The nation,\" vol. 155, no. 4 (July 25, 1942). It is written by Albert Horlings and describes the historic gamble by the United States government in Hawaii by trusting the loyalty of 150,000 Japanese Americans and Japanese, 40,000 of whom were aliens and and majority of those who cannot read or speak English. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/8456\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WRA_02-31_02</a>","extent":"6 pages, typescript, 8.74 x 11 in.","links_children":"ddr-csujad-19-84","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Horlings, Albert"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Administration","id":"401"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- War Relocation Authority (WRA)","id":"403"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Hawai'i","id":"277"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Northridge. University Library. Special Collections & Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Hawaii;","creation":"7/25/1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Horlings, Albert author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-19-84-mezzanine-dc5d84c161-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-56-134","model":"entity","index":"10 35/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-134/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-56-134/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-134-mezzanine-bced182cc4-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-134-mezzanine-bced182cc4-a.jpg"},"title":"No Japanese to Come to America. Tokyo Government Will Issue Proclamation Prohibiting All Emigration of Mikado's Subjects to United States. Understanding Covered by Oral Agreement. (December 14, 1908)","description":"The Seattle Daily Times, December 14, 1908, p. 1","extent":"Unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-56-134","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Seattle Times Company"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","creation":"December 14, 1908","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Seattle Times Company publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-56-134-mezzanine-bced182cc4-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-107-29","model":"entity","index":"11 36/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-107-29/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-107-29/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-107/ddr-densho-107-29-mezzanine-848cb36559-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-107/ddr-densho-107-29-mezzanine-848cb36559-a.jpg"},"title":"Portraits of elderly couple","description":"Roy Matsumoto's paternal grandparents. Roy's paternal grandfather, Wakamatsu, was the youngest son of the Matsumoto family. He married his sweetheart and came to Kauai, HI, as a government contract laborer to work in the sugar cane fields.  Upon completion of the contract, he came to the mainland United States, leased land in southern California, and operated a truck farm. His relatives and other villagers from Hiroshima came to work at his farm. Upon his early retirement, he returned to Hiroshima, Japan, and Roy's mother Tei took over the farm. Roy's paternal grandmother Haru came from the Motoyama Clan of Hiroshima. She went to Hawaii with her husband, Wakamatsu. Upon his departure from Hawaii to the mainland United States, she returned to Japan with her children (Roy's uncle Frank and Aunt Masayo, both born in Kauai, HI). Many years later, her husband Wakamatsu rejoined her in Hiroshima. They were born in Keio Era (1860s) and peacefully passed away when the war ended in 1945.","links_children":"ddr-densho-107-29","format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Roy"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Tei"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"portrait","location":"Jigozen, Hiroshima, Japan","creation":"c.1940","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Matsumoto, Roy \nMatsumoto, Tei","download_large":"ddr-densho-107-29-mezzanine-848cb36559-a.jpg"},{"id":"415","model":"narrator","index":"12 37/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/415/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/415/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfrank.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfrank.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/415/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank Sumida","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 10, 1925, in Chicago, Illinois. Grew up primarily in Los Angeles, California, where parents ran a restaurant. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, where he participating in running an organized gambling operation. Moved briefly to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, before being sent to Tule Lake, California, after signing the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire.\" Transferred to the Santa Fe Department of Justice internment camp, New Mexico. Upon wishes of parents, renounced U.S. citizenship and expatriated to Japan. Worked for the military government during the U.S. occupation of Japan. Eventually regained U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States."},{"id":"ddr-densho-372","model":"collection","index":"13 38/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-372/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-372/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg"},"title":"American Concentration Camps Volumes 1-9 Collection","description":"The documents printed here in these nine volumes trace and explicate not only the decision to submit a whole people to internal exile but also delineate the execution and modification of the policy during the course of the war. The documents were drawn largely from the archives of the government department chiefly responsible, the War department, and from the archives of the United States Army. The documents were selected from literally tens of thousands of sheets of paper which document the government's role. The basic arrangement of the documents is chronological, although a number of separate matters were treated topically.","extent":"9 books, each 8.75W x 11.25H","links_children":"ddr-densho-372","creators":[{"role":"Editor","namepart":"Daniels, Roger"}],"language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"cc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Daniels, Roger Editor","download_large":"ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-265","model":"entity","index":"14 39/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-265/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-265/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ykiyoshi-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ykiyoshi-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Kiyoshi Seishin Yamashita Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born February 14, 1920, in Kent, Washington. Grew up in the nearby town of Auburn, where parents ran a farm. Family was involved Auburn Buddhist Church. Graduated from the University of Washington in 1942 and removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Recruited out of Tule Lake to teach at the Naval Intelligence Language School in Boulder, Colorado. Worked in Japan as a linguist for the U.S. government during the U.S. occupation. While in Japan, became a Buddhist minister. Eventually returned to the United States and worked for the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research.","extent":"02:22:09","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-265","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":419,"namepart":"Kiyoshi Seishin Yamashita"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006h35n","namepart":"Yamashita, Kiyoshi"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 30, 2009","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kiyoshi Seishin Yamashita narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Yamashita, Kiyoshi 88922nr006h35n","download_large":"denshovh-ykiyoshi-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"141","model":"narrator","index":"15 40/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/141/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/interviews/"},"display_name":"Harry Ueno","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 14, 1907, in Pauilo, Hawaii. Lived in Japan from 1915 to 1923, and settled on the mainland upon his return to the United States. Was married in 1930, and was removed along with family to Manzanar concentration camp, California, during World War II. While in Manzanar, organized the Mess Hall Workers Union. Accused of beating up a suspected government informant and was placed in jail, sparking the so-called \"Manzanar Riot.\" Was moved to various jails and the Citizen Isolation Centers Leupp, Arizona, and Moab, Utah, before being reunited with his family in Tule Lake Segregation Center. After release from camp, moved to the Santa Clara Valley, raised three children, and became a farmer."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-52-34","model":"entity","index":"16 41/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-52-34/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-52-34/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-34-mezzanine-b4bcf28eef-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-34-mezzanine-b4bcf28eef-a.jpg"},"title":"Hannah Tomiko Holmes speaks at a press conference in Los Angeles about a lawsuit seeking reparations","description":"Caption next to image reads, \"LAWSUIT FILED AGAINST U.S.--Hannah Tomiko Holmes, a Japanese-American who was interned at Manzanar, speaks at a press conference in Los Angeles Wednesday during which it was announced that a lawsuit had been filed against the United States government by a group of Japanese-Americans who were interned during World War II. The suit seeks to represent more than 120,000 former internees as a class and seeks more than $24 billion in reparations.\" See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/36734\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hslb_npc_0038</a>","extent":"sepia and black, 8 x 11 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-52-34","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Associated Press"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Legal cases/coram nobis cases","id":"167"},{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Mobilizing and organizing the community","id":"111"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Historical Society of Long Beach, Long Beach, California","rights":"nocc","genre":"photograph","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"3/16/1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Associated Press publisher","download_large":"ddr-csujad-52-34-mezzanine-b4bcf28eef-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-56-289","model":"entity","index":"17 42/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-289/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-56-289/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-289-mezzanine-6e37dd8bfa-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-289-mezzanine-6e37dd8bfa-a.jpg"},"title":"Japan Asks Her People In United States to Be Better Americans. Mikado's Government Undertakes to Meet Anti-Alien Land Issue in New Way -- Laborer Must Increase His Standard of Living. (October 11, 1916)","description":"The Seattle Daily Times, October 11, 1916, p. 17","extent":"Unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-56-289","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Seattle Times Company"}],"topics":[{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Law and legislation -- Discriminatory laws","id":"177"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","creation":"October 11, 1916","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Seattle Times Company publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-56-289-mezzanine-6e37dd8bfa-a.jpg"},{"id":"121","model":"narrator","index":"18 43/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/121/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/121/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/itsuguo.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/itsuguo.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/121/interviews/"},"display_name":"Tsuguo \"Ike\" Ikeda","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 15, 1924, in Portland, Oregon. Incarcerated at the North Portland Assembly Center and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Kept a diary beginning December, 1941, and through incarceration. Beginning as a teenager, was exceptionally active as a volunteer leader, first within a Japanese American church in Portland, later in camp with Federated Christian Church, school and service clubs, and throughout life.\r\n Graduated from Hunt High School and left Minidoka on indefinite work leave. Drafted in 1944; graduated from United States Military Intelligence Service Language School. After discharge, returned to Portland, Oregon, and graduated from college in 1949. One of the earliest Nisei to obtain Master of Social Work degree from University of Washington, 1951. Married, 1951, and had four children.\r\n Incarceration led him to resolve to work for social justice. In 1953, was one of the first Nisei hired as executive director of a nonprofit organization in the United States (outside the Japanese American community), and served at the Atlantic Street Center in Seattle for 33 years, leading its transformation from settlement house to social service agency. Worked to reduce racial discrimination. Promoted multi-racial, cross-cultural cooperation, equal opportunity and affirmative action in community, church, nonprofit, government and other arenas. Mentors and advises community members, including sharing a set of principles he developed based on values from his cultural heritage. Mr. Ikeda is the recipient of numerous awards, recognitions of service and honors for his professional and volunteer contributions to society."},{"id":"151","model":"narrator","index":"19 44/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/151/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/151/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mroy.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mroy.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/151/interviews/"},"display_name":"Roy H. Matsumoto","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 1, 1913, in Laguna, California. Lived in Japan from childhood through teenage years, before returning to the United States during high school. Incarcerated in the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas. Volunteered for the U.S. army in 1942, and was inducted in the Military Intelligence Service. Selected for a dangerous mission in Burma, becoming one of the famed Merrill's Marauders. Provided crucial intelligence information for the U.S. government after tapping into a Japanese army communications wire in Burma. Instrumental in a mission to hold Nhpum Ga hill in Burma, in which he shouted military orders in Japanese to confuse the attacking Japanese soldiers. Awarded the Legion of Merit from the U.S. military, and stationed in China and Japan after the war. Met future wife while working undercover in Japan. Inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 1993."},{"id":"ddr-densho-56-90","model":"entity","index":"20 45/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-56-90/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-56-90/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-90-mezzanine-739a353924-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-56/ddr-densho-56-90-mezzanine-739a353924-a.jpg"},"title":"Consular Report Tells Story. Japanese Representative in United States Sends Account of San Francisco Affair to His Government. Document Will Be Made Public at Tokyo Tomorrow -- Tale is Told in Graphic but Unsensational Manner. (June 14, 1907)","description":"The Seattle Daily Times, June 14, 1907, p. 4","extent":"Unknown","links_children":"ddr-densho-56-90","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Seattle Times Company"}],"topics":[{"term":"Race and racism -- Violence","id":"186"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"June 14, 1907","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Seattle Times Company publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-56-90-mezzanine-739a353924-a.jpg"},{"id":"59","model":"narrator","index":"21 46/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/59/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/59/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mhenry.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mhenry.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/59/interviews/"},"display_name":"Henry Miyatake","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 28, 1929, in Seattle, Washington. Incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Had some key childhood experiences with discrimination that made him a self-described, \"independent thinker,\" and later, an influential figure in the Japanese American community. While a teenager in camp, he wrote and defended an essay criticizing the United States' treatment of racial minorities. His teacher refused to accept his paper, resulting in a failed grade and preventing him from graduating. Postwar, served in the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps, where he was privy to classified documents detailing the placement of spies in the incarceration camps. After leaving the military, he worked at the Boeing Company, where he fought against discriminatory workplace practices. He was also one of the earliest proponents of redress, doing the research, planning, and organizing for the \"Seattle plan,\" the first highly developed plan for obtaining redress from the U.S. government for the WWII incarceration of the Japanese American community."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1020-13","model":"entity","index":"22 47/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1020-13/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1020-13/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1020/ddr-densho-1020-13-mezzanine-5c4e884556-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1020/ddr-densho-1020-13-mezzanine-5c4e884556-a.jpg"},"title":"Redress: An Oral History of the Office of Redress Administration","description":"In 1988, Congress passed and President Ronald Reagan signed the Civil Liberties Act, a historic piece of legislation that sought, for the first time, to provide a measure of justice to Japanese Americans nearly 40 years after their incarceration during World War II. The Japanese American Redress program that resulted is a little-known success story of the United States government - a program whose history is now captured in this film and oral history project. The Office of Redress Administration bore the seal and support of three different presidential administrations, and was run by a federal workforce that represented a diverse cross-section of the American people. And over its decade-long operation (1988-1998), the ORA reached 81,000 people with a redress payment and official apology letter from the President of the United States.\r\n\r\nThe Office of Redress Administration (ORA) Oral History Project is an effort to capture and preserve the first person recollections of those tasked with carrying out this historic government program, as well as the community leaders that made it possible. These interviews are featured in this short film.\r\n\r\nEmi Kuboyama, Project Creator, Interviewer; Todd Holmes, Project Consultant, Videographer, Assistant Editor & Producer; Geoff McGhee, Senior Video Editor & Producer. Historic footage generously provided by Nikkei for Civil Rights and Redress (NCRR) and Visual Communications.\r\n\r\n(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"0:30:40","links_children":"ddr-densho-1020-13","creators":[{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Emi Kuboyama"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Todd Holmes"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"motion_picture","creation":"February 19, 2021","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Emi Kuboyama interviewer \nTodd Holmes videographer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1020-13-mezzanine-5c4e884556-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1002-3","model":"entity","index":"23 48/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1002-3/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1002-3/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1002/denshovh-bernest-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1002/denshovh-bernest-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Ernest Besig Interview","description":"White male. Born in May 30, 1904, in Albany, New York. Founder and Executive Director of the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California from 1934 to 1971. Fought for civil rights throughout his career, and was involved in the General Strike in San Francisco, the McCarthy Era, and the Free Speech, civil rights, and anti-war movements. Represented Fred Korematsu in 1942 in his case against the United States government.<p>(This interview was conducted by sisters Emiko and Chizuko Omori for their 1999 documentary,<i> Rabbit in the Moon</i>, about the Japanese American resisters of conscience in the World War II incarceration camps. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.)","extent":"01:07:17","links_children":"ddr-densho-1002-3","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":138,"namepart":"Ernest Besig"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Chizu Omori"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Emiko Omori"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Emiko Omori and Witt Mons"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Emiko and Chizuko Omori Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"October 1, 1992","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ernest Besig narrator \nChizu Omori interviewer \nEmiko Omori interviewer \nEmiko Omori and Witt Mons videographer","download_large":"denshovh-bernest-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-493-34","model":"entity","index":"24 49/{'value': 71, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-493-34/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-493-34/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-493/ddr-densho-493-34-mezzanine-ed11f67a58-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-493/ddr-densho-493-34-mezzanine-ed11f67a58-a.jpg"},"title":"Resettlement handbook","description":"\"Resettlement Handbook\" with front cover illustration of a person considering locations on a large globe. Published by the Evacuee Information Office of the Granada Project. Resource and instruction book for leaving camp. Instructions for how to make transportation arrangements and apply for transportation funding, close out clothing allowance, employment and last paychecks, return of government property, transferring children’s school credits, and resolve other administrative matters prior to departure. Also includes a list of resources for planning for life after camp such as finding housing and employment, securing loans, reestablishing businesses etc (War Relocation Authority Field Office, local social welfare agencies, United States Employment Service and War Manpower Commission), War Food Administration, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Farm Security Administration, War Production Board, Office of Price Administration, National Housing Agency, Red Cross, local school boards, etc.) Text in Japanese on back cover.","extent":"6.5W x 8.375H (closed); 13W x 8.375H (open)","links_children":"ddr-densho-493-34","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Evacuee Information Office, Granada Project"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng","jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Barton, Earl E."},{"namepart":"Lindley, James G."},{"namepart":"Ichihashi, Y."},{"namepart":"McFarling, Ralph J."},{"namepart":"Hanson, Willis J."},{"namepart":"Miyamoto, T."},{"namepart":"Takata, Jimmy"},{"namepart":"Campbell, Maida G."},{"namepart":"Asamoto, Bob"},{"namepart":"Kawashiri, S"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"ephemera","location":"Amache, Colorado","facility":[{"term":"Granada (Amache)","id":"4"}],"creation":"c. 1940s","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Evacuee Information Office, Granada Project author Barton, Earl E. \nLindley, James G. \nIchihashi, Y. \nMcFarling, Ralph J. \nHanson, Willis J. \nMiyamoto, T. \nTakata, Jimmy \nCampbell, Maida G. \nAsamoto, Bob \nKawashiri, S","download_large":"ddr-densho-493-34-mezzanine-ed11f67a58-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"United States government","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}