\r\nThe Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was enacted to redress the wrongs committed by the U.S. government against Japanese Americans during World War II. The act called for a formal, written apology from the president and $20,000 in compensation to each surviving camp inmate. The recommendations were made by the government-appointed Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.","extent":"2660W x 1886H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-10-6","topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Impact of redress movement","id":"116"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Matsunaga, Spark"},{"namepart":"Mineta, Norman"},{"namepart":"Saiki, Patsy"},{"namepart":"Wilson, Pete"},{"namepart":"Young, Don"},{"namepart":"Matsui, Robert"},{"namepart":"Lowery, Bill"},{"namepart":"Kajihara, Harry"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"August 10, 1988","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Matsunaga, Spark \nMineta, Norman \nSaiki, Patsy \nWilson, Pete \nYoung, Don \nMatsui, Robert \nLowery, Bill \nKajihara, Harry","download_large":"ddr-densho-10-6-mezzanine-35d71418ab-a.jpg"},{"id":"686","model":"narrator","index":"2 77/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/686/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/686/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uatami.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uatami.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/686/interviews/"},"display_name":"Atami Ueno","bio":"Nisei female. Born March 27, 1927, in Ola'a, Hawaii. Grew up in Ola'a until family moved to Hawaii just before World War II. Attended high school and college during in Japan and then had to work a factory to support the war effort. Witnessed the atomic bombing of Nagasaki. Worked for the military government in Japan, then eventually moved to Portland, Oregon, and worked for the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service."},{"id":"1005","model":"narrator","index":"3 78/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/1005/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1005/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-511_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-511_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1005/interviews/"},"display_name":"Mary Okazaki Kozu","bio":"Nisei female. Born June 14, 1931, in Seattle, Washington. Grew up in Seattle, where parents ran a boarding house. During World War II, removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Left camp in 1943 and moved to Salt Lake City, Utah. Returned with family to Seattle after the war, attended the University of Washington, and worked in various positions for the U.S. government."},{"id":"419","model":"narrator","index":"4 79/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/419/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/419/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ykiyoshi.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ykiyoshi.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/419/interviews/"},"display_name":"Kiyoshi Seishin Yamashita","bio":"Nisei male. Born February 14, 1920, in Kent, Washington. Grew up in the nearby town of Auburn, where parents ran a farm. Family was involved Auburn Buddhist Church. Graduated from the University of Washington in 1942 and removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Recruited out of Tule Lake to teach at the Naval Intelligence Language School in Boulder, Colorado. Worked in Japan as a linguist for the U.S. government during the U.S. occupation. While in Japan, became a Buddhist minister. Eventually returned to the United States and worked for the Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-153-33","model":"segment","index":"5 80/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-153-33/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-153-33/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mroy-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mroy-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Roy H. Matsumoto Interview Segment 33","description":"Story of a relative who was \"tricked\" by the Japanese government into going to Japan and being drafted into the Japanese army
Although Mr. Matsumoto does not identify himself as a Kibei (American-born person of Japanese ancestry sent to Japan for formal education and socialization when young and later returned to the U.S.), some of his life experiences are similar to those who do identify themselves as such.","extent":"00:04:37","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-153-33","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":151,"namepart":"Roy H. Matsumoto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 17 & 18, 2003","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Roy H. Matsumoto narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-mroy-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1002-7-38","model":"segment","index":"6 81/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1002-7-38/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1002-7-38/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1002/denshovh-uharry-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1002/denshovh-uharry-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Harry Ueno Interview Segment 38","description":"Thoughts on postwar life, feelings about the U.S. government: \"I forgive them\"
This interview was conducted by sisters Emiko and Chizuko Omori for their 1999 documentary, Rabbit in the Moon, about the Japanese American resisters of conscience in the World War II incarceration camps. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.","extent":"00:06:50","links_children":"ddr-densho-1002-7-38","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":141,"namepart":"Harry Ueno"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Emiko Omori"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Emiko Omori and Witt Mons"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Emiko and Chizuko Omori Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Mateo, California","creation":"February 18, 1994","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Harry Ueno narrator \nEmiko Omori interviewer \nEmiko Omori and Witt Mons videographer","download_large":"denshovh-uharry-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-122-15-3","model":"segment","index":"7 82/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-122-15-3/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-122-15-3/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-ofred-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-ofred-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Fred Okrand Interview Segment 3","description":"The ACLU's attempts to challenge the U.S. government on its World War II actions
This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.","extent":"00:02:51","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-15-3","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":158,"namepart":"Fred Okrand"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Chin"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"August 22, 1995","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fred Okrand narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer \nFrank Chin interviewer","download_large":"denshovh-ofred-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-20-16","model":"entity","index":"8 83/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-20-16/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-20-16/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-20/ddr-pc-20-16-mezzanine-205a740c20-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-20/ddr-pc-20-16-mezzanine-205a740c20-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 26 No. 16 (April 17, 1948)","description":"Selected article titles: \"U.S. Government Challenges Validity of California Ban. Justice Department Intercedes By Filing Friend of Court Brief In Takahashi Test Case\" (p. 1), \"Los Angeles Supervisors Urge Congress to Remove Race Bans from Naturalization Law\" (p. 1), \"JACL Endorses Immediate Statehood for Hawaii Islands\" (p. 2), \"Japanese Canadians Continue Campaign to Win Franchise Right in British Columbia\" (p. 2), \"JACL Official Urges Canadian Nisei to Fight for Liberties\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-20-16","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"April 17, 1948","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-20-16-mezzanine-205a740c20-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-20-26","model":"entity","index":"9 84/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-20-26/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-20-26/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-20/ddr-pc-20-26-mezzanine-c6fc2e3de9-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-20/ddr-pc-20-26-mezzanine-c6fc2e3de9-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 27 No. 1 (July 3, 1948)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Canadian Nisei Win Rights in British Columbia\" (p. 1), \"President Truman Signs Bill Eliminating Race Bias from U.S. Deportation Procedures\" (p. 1), \"Japanese American Attorneys Enter Hawaii Public Service\" (p. 1), \"Government Witnesses Testify on Acts of Brutality Charged To Prison Camp Interpreter\" (p. 2), \"San Francisco JACL Declares Slum Clearance Project Does Not Protect Race Minorities\" (p. 3), \"Seek to Clarify Canadian Policy on War-Stranded Nisei\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-20-26","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"July 3, 1948","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-20-26-mezzanine-c6fc2e3de9-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-37-50","model":"entity","index":"10 85/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-37-50/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-37-50/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-37/ddr-pc-37-50-mezzanine-c163dda658-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-37/ddr-pc-37-50-mezzanine-c163dda658-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Citizen, Vol. 61, No. 24 (December 10, 1965)","description":"Selected article titles: \"All Systems 'Go' for Repeal of Washington Land Law\"(p.1-2), \"Education Key to Freedom, Mrs. Mink says\" (p.1), \"1965 Immigration Laws\" (p.2), \"Tall Watch-Tower Overlooking Minidoka WRA Camp Still Standing, says Seattleite after Insepction Trip\" (p.3), \"'Nisei' Japanese Cherry Trees Planted at Washington Monument Area, Part of 3,800 from Japanese Government\" (p.5), \"10 Visas Granted Japanese Immigrants to U.S. as Quota Restrictions Removed\" (p.6).","extent":"17.25W x 22H","links_children":"ddr-pc-37-50","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Law and legislation -- Alien land laws","id":"516"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","facility":[{"term":"Minidoka","id":"8"}],"creation":"December 10, 1965","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-37-50-mezzanine-c163dda658-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1007-1814","model":"entity","index":"11 86/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1814/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1007-1814/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1814-mezzanine-39abc1b23d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1814-mezzanine-39abc1b23d-a.jpg"},"title":"Euphemistic and Accurate Terminology","description":"Raymond Y. Okamura's testimony to the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians in Seattle Washington on September 11, 1981 describing policies and terminology used by the U.S. government to enforce wartime incarceration of Japanese Americans. He compares the American government's misleading terminology to that of Nazi propaganda. It was later published by the Journal of Ethnic Studies, Vol. 10, No. 3, Fall 1982. See related object: ddr-densho-1007-1814.","extent":"8.5W x 11H","links_children":"ddr-densho-1007-1814","creators":[{"role":"author","nr_id":"88922/nr005jd36","namepart":"Okamura, Raymond"}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Hearings -- Seattle, Washington hearings","id":"217"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Impact of incarceration","id":"78"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"manuscript","location":"Berkeley, California","creation":"c. 1981","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Okamura, Raymond author 88922nr005jd36Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians","download_large":"ddr-densho-1007-1814-mezzanine-39abc1b23d-a.jpg"},{"id":"417","model":"narrator","index":"12 87/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/417/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/417/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ntetsujiro.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ntetsujiro.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/417/interviews/"},"display_name":"Tetsujiro \"Tex\" Nakamura","bio":"Nisei male. Born July 16, 1917, in San Francisco, California. Grew up in Sacramento, and graduated from UC Berkeley in 1939. During World War II, was removed to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Voluntarily stayed in Tule Lake after it was designated a Segregation Center, and worked in the legal aid office. Assisted attorney Wayne Collins in filing cases to restore the U.S. citizenship of Nisei who had renounced their citizenship under government duress."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-269","model":"entity","index":"13 88/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-269/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-269/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ysumiko-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ysumiko-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Sumiko M. Yamamoto Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born May 12, 1925, in Spreckels, California. Moved frequently with family as a child, eventually settling in Gilroy, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the Salinas Assembly Center, California, and the Poston concentration camp, Arizona. Following father's desire to repatriate to Japan, transferred to Tule Lake concentration camp, California, when it was designated a segregation center. Joined, the Joshidan, a subgroup of the Hoshidan, a pro-Japanese group in Tule Lake. Expatriated to Japan with family, and worked for the U.S. military government in Fukuoka. Remained in Japan until the 1970s, eventually regaining U.S. citizenship and moving to Sacramento, California.","extent":"02:16:45","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-269","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":425,"namepart":"Sumiko M. Yamamoto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Barbara Takei"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr013zh4p","namepart":"Maruyama, Sumiko"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Sacramento, California","creation":"December 8, 2009","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sumiko M. Yamamoto narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nBarbara Takei interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Maruyama, Sumiko 88922nr013zh4p","download_large":"denshovh-ysumiko-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-52-16","model":"entity","index":"14 89/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-52-16/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-52-16/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-16-mezzanine-9bc65b3a74-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-16-mezzanine-9bc65b3a74-a.jpg"},"title":"Two Japanese-American men during interviews leading up to receiving redress checks","description":"Two Japanese-American men wearing suits. The caption next to the image reads, \"SEATTLE, Sept. 30--WILL RECEIVE CHECKS--Frank Yatsu, 106, right, talks about his imprisonment by the U.S. government during World War II in an internment camp with other Japanese-Americans. Listening to Yatsu during an interview at Seattle Keiro, a Japanese community nursing home, is Harry Nakagawa, 100, left, who was also held in an internment camp during the war. Both are scheduled with other Japanese-Americans who were interned to receive $20,000 checks from the government in October.\" See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: hslb_npc_0020","extent":"black and white, 8.5 x 11 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-52-16","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Associated Press"}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Receiving redress checks and apology","id":"117"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Historical Society of Long Beach, Long Beach, California","rights":"nocc","genre":"photograph","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"9/30/1990","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Associated Press publisher","download_large":"ddr-csujad-52-16-mezzanine-9bc65b3a74-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-372-4","model":"entity","index":"15 90/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-372-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-372-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-4-mezzanine-919d5a653e-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-4-mezzanine-919d5a653e-a.jpg"},"title":"American Concentration Camps VOLUME 4 April, 1942","description":"Volume 4 divides into three sections. Description about this volume reads directly from the book as follows: Section 1 contains archival documents from April 1942 about the growing opposition of western officials outside of the West Coast to having Japanese Americans moved to their localities. Section 2 contains the Federal government Surveys of Public Opinion dated January 1942 to August 1942 that thoroughly and unscientifically attempted to gauge public opinion, done by the federal Office of Government Reports. The surveys were also circulated among high government officials. Section 3 contains documents dated March 1942 to November 1944 that concerns the complex relationship between the Japanese American Citizens League and the Federal Government. The leadership of the Japanese American Citizens league, as the correspondence here shows, perceived that the political heads of the U.S. Army, Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and Assistant Secretary John J. McCloy and his uniformed staff, were likely targets of a \"how to win friends and influence people\" approach which even included small gifts. Perceptively, no such approach was made to General John L. DeWitt, Colonel Karl R. Bendetsen, or their subordinates. In recent years, there has been increasing criticism of what some have termed the \"over-enthusiastic collaboration\" between the JACL and the Army.","extent":"1 book: 8.75W x 11.25H","links_children":"ddr-densho-372-4","creators":[{"role":"Editor","namepart":"Daniels, Roger"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"},{"namepart":"Stimson, Henry L."},{"namepart":"McCloy, John J."},{"namepart":"De Witt, General John L."},{"namepart":"Bendetsen, Colonel Karl"}],"contributor":"Densho","geography":[{"term":"North and Central America","id":"332"},{"term":"United States","id":"1"}],"rights":"cc","genre":"book","creation":"c. 1989","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Daniels, Roger Editor Japanese American Citizens League \nStimson, Henry L. \nMcCloy, John J. \nDe Witt, General John L. \nBendetsen, Colonel Karl","download_large":"ddr-densho-372-4-mezzanine-919d5a653e-a.jpg"},{"id":"414","model":"narrator","index":"16 91/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/414/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/414/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/scedrick.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/scedrick.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/414/interviews/"},"display_name":"Cedrick M. Shimo","bio":"Nisei male. Born October 1, 1919, in Heber, California, in the Imperial Valley. Grew up in Boyle Heights. Received draft notice one day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and joined the Military Intelligence Service. After being denied furlough to visit his mother in Manzanar concentration camp, refused to serve overseas with his unit. Was placed in the 1800 Engineering Battalion, made up of Japanese, German and Italian Americans considered \"suspect\" by the U.S. government. After World War II, became the vice president of the export division for Honda, dedicating much of his time to promoting better trade relations between the U.S. and Japan."},{"id":"425","model":"narrator","index":"17 92/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/425/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/425/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ysumiko.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ysumiko.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/425/interviews/"},"display_name":"Sumiko M. Yamamoto","bio":"Nisei female. Born May 12, 1925, in Spreckels, California. Moved frequently with family as a child, eventually settling in Gilroy, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the Salinas Assembly Center, California, and the Poston concentration camp, Arizona. Following father's desire to repatriate to Japan, transferred to Tule Lake concentration camp, California, when it was designated a segregation center. Joined, the Joshidan, a subgroup of the Hoshidan, a pro-Japanese group in Tule Lake. Expatriated to Japan with family, and worked for the U.S. military government in Fukuoka. Remained in Japan until the 1970s, eventually regaining U.S. citizenship and moving to Sacramento, California."},{"id":"481","model":"narrator","index":"18 93/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/481/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/481/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yharry.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yharry.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/481/interviews/"},"display_name":"Harry K. Yoshikawa","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 26, 1922, in Montebello, California. Grew up in California, spending a short time in Japan prior to World War II. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, moved to Denver, Colorado, during the \"voluntary evacuation\" period designated by the U.S. government. Arrested after refusing to report for military service after being drafted. Tried and served two years at the Santa Catalina prison camp for draft resistance. After release, eventually returned to Los Angeles, California."},{"id":"ddr-densho-122-23-23","model":"segment","index":"19 94/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-122-23-23/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-122-23-23/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-hart-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-122/denshovh-hart-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Art Hansen Interview Segment 23","description":"Belief that Ben Kuroki's visits to concentration camps \"didn't have the desired effect\" for the U.S. government
This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.","extent":"00:05:01","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-23-23","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":165,"namepart":"Art Hansen"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Chin"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Draft resistance","id":"95"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"February 22, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Art Hansen narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer \nFrank Chin interviewer","download_large":"denshovh-hart-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-45","model":"entity","index":"20 95/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-45/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-45/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-45-mezzanine-5820920f00-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-45-mezzanine-5820920f00-a.jpg"},"title":"Memo from Delos Emmons to John J. McCloy","description":"Memorandum from Delos Emmons, Lieutenant General, U.S. Army, to John J. McCloy, Assistant Secretary of War, regarding a previous report on the Japanese in Hawaii. In this memo, Emmons refutes much of the information in the report. He dispels many of the rumors about the Hawaiian Japanese and admonishes the author of the report for being \"violently anti-Japanese\" and misinformed about government activities. Emmons urges McCloy to discount the report and continue with his previous course of action.","extent":"2373W x 3042H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-45","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Emmons, Delos"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath -- Decision to incarcerate","id":"203"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath -- \"War hysteria\"","id":"187"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Hawai'i","id":"277"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Emmons, Delos"},{"namepart":"McCloy, John J."}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","creation":"April 29, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Emmons, Delos author Emmons, Delos \nMcCloy, John J.","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-45-mezzanine-5820920f00-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-18-41","model":"entity","index":"21 96/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-18-41/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-18-41/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 23 No. 14 (October 12, 1946)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Northern California ACLU Says Government Still Holding 631 Persons at Texas Camp\" (p. 1), \"Protest Restrictive Covenants At West Los Angeles Meeting. Civil Rights Groups Support Right of Japanese American Family to Occupy New Home\" (p. 1), \"500 Japanese Canadians Deported to Japan Aboard United States Army Vessel\" (p. 2), \"Federal Judge Raps Treatment Of Nisei Group During War. 101 Evacuees Who Refused To Report for Induction Fined One Cent Each in U.S. Cort\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-18-41","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"October 12, 1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-18-41-mezzanine-4b14ef7829-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-23-41","model":"entity","index":"22 97/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-23-41/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-23-41/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-41-mezzanine-df58126d90-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-41-mezzanine-df58126d90-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 33 No. 14 (October 13, 1951)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Supreme Court Denies Hearing to Renunciants. Members of Tule Lake Group Must Take Individual Steps For Citizenship Restoration\" (p. 1), \"Defense Department Reports Five Nisei Soldiers Killed in Action in Korean War\" (p. 1), \"Government Ponders Next Step in Renunciants Test Case\" (p. 1), \"Conviction of 'Tokyo Rose' Upheld by U.S. Circuit Court\" (p. 2), \"JACL Joins in Protest Against Racial Caricature\" (p. 3), \"New Rulings Will Ease Border Crossings by Resident Issei\" (p. 7).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-23-41","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"October 13, 1951","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-23-41-mezzanine-df58126d90-a.jpg"},{"id":"2","model":"narrator","index":"23 98/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ajim.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ajim.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/2/interviews/"},"display_name":"Jim Akutsu","bio":"Nisei male. Born January 25, 1920, in Seattle, Washington. Incarcerated at the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Resisted the draft, with the rationale that the U.S. government had classified him 4-C, an enemy alien, and he was therefore under no obligation to serve. Imprisoned at McNeil Island Penitentiary, Washington. Vocal critic of the Japanese American Citizens League. Resettled in Seattle, Washington. Thought by some to be the model for the main character in John Okada's No-No Boy."},{"id":"894","model":"narrator","index":"24 99/{'value': 163, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/894/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/894/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-445_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-445_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/894/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank Sato","bio":"Nisei male. Born March 16, 1929, in Puyallup, Washington. Grew up in the Sumner, Washington, area, where parents had a produce business. During World War II, removed with family to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. After the war, attended the University of Washington and the University of Southern California. Established a career in government. From 1953 to 1965, he worked for the U.S. Air Force Auditor General's Office. From 1965 to 1974, he was with the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Comptroller). From 1974 to 1979, he was Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Audit. Became Inspector General at the Department of Transportation and was appointed Inspector General of the Environmental Protection Agency by President Ronald Reagan. After his government career, Frank served as president of the Japanese American Citizens League and worked as an activist during the redress movement."}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"U.S. Government","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}