This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.","extent":"00:04:00","links_children":"ddr-one-7-65-11","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":781,"namepart":"Mary Haruka Nakamura"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Linda Tamura"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Japanese American Museum of Oregon Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Ontario, Oregon","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"April 22, 2014","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Mary Haruka Nakamura narrator \nLinda Tamura interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-nmary_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-426","model":"entity","index":"5 80/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-426/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-426/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-426-1-mezzanine-37f58401e7-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-426-1-mezzanine-37f58401e7-a.jpg"},"title":"Clara S. Hattori Interview I","description":"Nisei female. Born May 21, 1919, in Sacramento, California. Grew up in the Loomis area of California, where parents ran a farm and fruit orchard. Just prior to World War II, worked in the Japanese Pavilion at the San Francisco World's Fair of 1939-1940. During World War II, removed to the Marysville Assembly Center, California, and the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp and lived in Spokane and Moses Lake, Washington, after the war.","extent":"2:03:43","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-426","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":796,"namepart":"Clara S. Hattori"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0077z9d","namepart":"Sasaki, Clara Kikuye"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 8, 2014","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Clara S. 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During World War II, removed to the Marysville Assembly Center, California, and the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp and lived in Spokane and Moses Lake, Washington, after the war.","extent":"1:55:36","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-427","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":796,"namepart":"Clara S. Hattori"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0077z9d","namepart":"Sasaki, Clara Kikuye"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"January 26, 2015","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Clara S. 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Returned to Seattle after the war and stayed temporarily at the Seattle Japanese Language School.","extent":"00:55:28","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-85","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":90,"namepart":"Peggy Tanemura"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Elmer Good"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr010mv9q","namepart":"Nagata, Ayako Peggy"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 20, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peggy Tanemura narrator \nElmer Good interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer Nagata, Ayako Peggy 88922nr010mv9q","download_large":"denshovh-tpeggy-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-270","model":"entity","index":"8 83/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-270/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-270/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tjim-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tjim-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Jim M. Tanimoto Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born June 3, 1923, in Marysville, California. Grew up in Marysville, California, eventually moving to Gridley, California. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, removed with family to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Refused to sign the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire,\" and was removed with most other young men in Tule Lake's Block 42 to a former CCC camp in Tulelake, California. Still refused to sign the questionnaire, but was returned to Tule Lake after WRA officials concluded he had been influenced by older group members. Family was released early and returned to their home in Gridley in February of 1944. After the war, became a successful farmer growing kiwi fruit in Gridley.","extent":"02:52:08","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-270","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":429,"namepart":"Jim M. Tanimoto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Barbara Takei"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006b997","namepart":"Tanimoto, Minoru Jim"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Gridley, California","creation":"December 10, 2009","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Jim M. 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After leaving camp, lived and worked in Ontario, Oregon, for a time, before living in Philadelphia and then moving to San Jose, California.","extent":"02:06:51","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-436","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":864,"namepart":"Misa Taketa"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006dj27","namepart":"Uno, Misae"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Jose, California","creation":"January 20, 2016","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Misa Taketa narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Uno, Misae 88922nr006dj27","download_large":"denshovh-tmisa-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-454","model":"entity","index":"10 85/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-454/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-454/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-454-1-mezzanine-b1b6b49d33-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/ddr-densho-1000-454-1-mezzanine-b1b6b49d33-a.jpg"},"title":"May Ohmura Watanabe Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born May 13, 1922, in Chico, California. Grew up in Chico, where parents ran a produce store. Was in college when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, and was removed with her family to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp to attend school in Syracuse, New York, and become a public health nurse. Later worked at the University of Pittsburgh.","extent":"2:05:58","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-454","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":902,"namepart":"May Ohmura Watanabe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Nina Wallace"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr010sc6k","namepart":"Ohmura, May"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 28, 2018","status":"completed","search_hidden":"May Ohmura Watanabe narrator \nNina Wallace interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Ohmura, May 88922nr010sc6k","download_large":"ddr-densho-1000-454-1-mezzanine-b1b6b49d33-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-101","model":"entity","index":"11 86/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-101/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-101/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-wedith-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-wedith-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Edith Watanabe Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born August 29, 1921, in Seattle, Washington. Spent prewar years in Burlington, Washington. Was just starting college when incarcerated at Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp early because of illness and married a Nisei GI, Harvey Watanabe. Lived in Midwest for duration of war and resettled in Seattle, Washington following the war.","extent":"01:37:42","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-101","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":102,"namepart":"Edith Watanabe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Stacy Sakamoto"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Richard Pratt"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0110v5c","namepart":"Takagi, Aiko Edith"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"November 4, 1996","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Edith Watanabe narrator \nStacy Sakamoto interviewer \nRichard Pratt videographer Takagi, Aiko Edith 88922nr0110v5c","download_large":"denshovh-wedith-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-81","model":"entity","index":"12 87/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-81/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-81/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ssarah-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ssarah-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Sarah Sato Interview","description":"Sansei female. (Mother and father born in Hawaii.) Born February 1925 in Peru. Spent prewar childhood in Peru and Hawaii. Father picked up by the FBI and detained after bombing of Pearl Harbor. Was incarcerated at Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas, and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Renounced citizenship in order to stay with parents, and was expatriated to Japan. Regained U.S. citizenship and returned to the United States.","extent":"01:44:53","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-81","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":84,"namepart":"Sarah Sato"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Dee Goto"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"April 9, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sarah Sato narrator \nDee Goto interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ssarah-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-119","model":"entity","index":"13 88/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-119/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-119/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nbill-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nbill-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Bill Nishimura Interview","description":"Nisei male, born June 21, 1920, in Compton, California. Raised on a farm in Lawndale, California. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, his father was picked up by FBI and detained at a Department of Justice (DOJ) internment camp in Lordsburg, New Mexico. His family voluntarily moved to Visalia, California, then was forcibly moved to Poston concentration camp, Arizona. Sent to Tule Lake concentration camp, California, as a result of answering \"no-no\" on the so-called \"loyalty questions.\" He renounced his U.S. citizenship in protest of the incarceration, and was transferred to the DOJ's Santa Fe internment camp, then to an Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) camp in Crystal City, Texas. After his release from Crystal City, he resettled in California. Mr. Nishimura regained his U.S. citizenship in 1953.
(This interview took place at the 2000 Tule Lake Pilgrimage in Klamath Falls, Oregon.)","extent":"01:01:09","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-119","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":117,"namepart":"Bill Nishimura"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Steve Hamada"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0133c3v","namepart":"Nishimura, Toru Bill"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Klamath Falls, Oregon","creation":"July 2, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Bill Nishimura narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nSteve Hamada videographer Nishimura, Toru Bill 88922nr0133c3v","download_large":"denshovh-nbill-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-25-16","model":"entity","index":"14 89/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-25-16/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-25-16/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-25/ddr-densho-25-16-mezzanine-818c7907f3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-25/ddr-densho-25-16-mezzanine-818c7907f3-a.jpg"},"title":"Camp worker's paycheck","description":"Mae Iseri was originally from Thomas, Washington, where her parents ran a small store and berry farm. After being held at the Pinedale Assembly Center in California, Mae was detained at the Tule Lake concentration camp, California, where she worked as a physical education teacher. This was her first paycheck, which she never cashed.","extent":"2153W x 951H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-25-16","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Work and jobs","id":"76"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Iseri, Mae"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"ephemera","location":"Issued at Tule Lake concentration camp, California","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"c. 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Iseri, Mae","download_large":"ddr-densho-25-16-mezzanine-818c7907f3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-152","model":"entity","index":"15 90/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-152/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-152/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-sbetty-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-sbetty-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Betty Morita Shibayama Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born May 30, 1933, in Hood River, Oregon. Raised in the Hood River valley on family farm. After December 7, 1941, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and then to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. In 1943, moved with family to the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, before leaving camp for Chicago, Illinois, after the war. Married Art Shibayama, a Japanese Peruvian, and raised a family in Chicago, Illinois and San Jose, California. Involved in lobbying congresspeople in Washington, D.C., on behalf of Japanese Latin Americans and their fight for redress.","extent":"03:36:56","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-152","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":150,"namepart":"Betty Morita Shibayama"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr010kv5b","namepart":"Morita, Betty May"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 27, 2003","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Betty Morita Shibayama narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Morita, Betty May 88922nr010kv5b","download_large":"denshovh-sbetty-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-365","model":"entity","index":"16 91/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-365/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-365/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-365-mezzanine-db58f6dffc-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-365-mezzanine-db58f6dffc-a.jpg"},"title":"Testimony of John Kanda","description":"Written testimony of John Masayoshi Kanda of Auburn, Washington. Incarcerated in the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. This testimony was presented at the CWRIC hearing in Seattle, Washington, on Thursday, September 10, 1981, in the section titled \"Impact on Japanese American Veterans.\" Personal information excised by Densho.","extent":"2500W x 3251H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-365","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Kanda, John"}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Hearings -- Seattle, Washington hearings","id":"217"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Kanda, John"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"10-Sep-81","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kanda, John author Kanda, John","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-365-mezzanine-db58f6dffc-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-170","model":"entity","index":"17 92/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-170/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-170/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpeggie-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-bpeggie-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Peggie Nishimura Bain Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born March 31, 1909, in Vashon Island, Washington. Raised in Vashon Island and Des Moines, Washington, before being removed with her two children to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California. Later transferred to Tule Lake concentration camp, California, and Minidoka, Idaho, before resettling in Chicago, Illinois. Lived and worked in Chicago before eventually returning to Seattle, Washington.","extent":"07:02:27","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-170","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":184,"namepart":"Peggie Nishimura Bain"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006hx94","namepart":"Yorita, Fusako Peggy"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"September 15-17, 2004","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peggie Nishimura Bain narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer Yorita, Fusako Peggy 88922nr006hx94","download_large":"denshovh-bpeggie-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-manz-1-141","model":"entity","index":"18 93/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-manz-1-141/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-manz-1-141/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-manz-1/denshovh-sjoe_2-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-manz-1/denshovh-sjoe_2-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Joe Seto Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born 1924 in Tacoma, Washington. Grew up in Tacoma, where father worked for a produce business. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp temporarily to work harvesting sugar beets for a sugar company. Drafted into the army in 1945. After the war, established a successful career studying the influenza virus.","extent":"01:28:54","links_children":"ddr-manz-1-141","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":771,"namepart":"Joe Seto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Erin Brasfield"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr015zz1w","namepart":"Seto, Joseph"}],"contributor":"Manzanar National Historic Site Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"West Los Angeles, California","creation":"July 10, 2006","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Joe Seto narrator \nErin Brasfield interviewer Seto, Joseph 88922nr015zz1w","download_large":"denshovh-sjoe_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1003-10","model":"entity","index":"19 94/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1003-10/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1003-10/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1003/denshovh-hgrace_2-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1003/denshovh-hgrace_2-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Grace Hata Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born December 5, 1930, in Gardena, California. Grew up in Gardena where parents ran a restaurant. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was arrested and taken away by the FBI. During mass removal, family was sent to the Manzanar concentration camp, California, and reunited with father. Following the Leave Clearance questionnaire in 1943, family transferred to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California, and then repatriated to Japan. Grace lived and worked in Japan for a year and a half before returning to California, finishing school, and becoming a nurse.","extent":"04:00:46","links_children":"ddr-densho-1003-10","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":652,"namepart":"Grace Hata"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Martha Nakagawa"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Ann Kaneko"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr009d28z","namepart":"Hata, Grace Shizuka"}],"contributor":"Friends of Manzanar Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"West Los Angeles, California","creation":"March 16, 2012","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Grace Hata narrator \nMartha Nakagawa interviewer \nAnn Kaneko videographer Hata, Grace Shizuka 88922nr009d28z","download_large":"denshovh-hgrace_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-95","model":"entity","index":"20 95/{'value': 1214, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-95/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-95/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tayame-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tayame-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Ayame Tsutakawa Interview II","description":"Kibei female. Born May 23, 1924, in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles, California. Sent to Japan to live with a relative when thirteen months old. Returned to United States and mother when twelve years old. Incarcerated at Sacramento Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, both in California. Resettled in Sacramento, California. 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Born June 7, 1929, in Merced, California. Grew up in Mount Eden, California, and was removed to the Tanforan Assembly Center, California, after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Incarcerated at the Topaz concentration camp in Utah, then moved to Tule Lake concentration camp after family volunteered to move to Japan. While at Tule Lake, joined a pro-Japan organization created by father, the Sokoku Kenkyu Seinen Dan, (Young Men's Association for the Study of the Motherland). Renounced U.S. citizenship and expatriated to Japan with parents and siblings in 1945. Lived and worked in Japan until 1948, when returned to the United States. 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