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While a teenager in camp, he wrote and defended an essay criticizing the United States' treatment of racial minorities. His teacher refused to accept his paper, resulting in a failed grade and preventing him from graduating. Postwar, served in the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps, where he was privy to classified documents detailing the placement of spies in the incarceration camps. After leaving the military, he worked at the Boeing Company, where he fought against discriminatory workplace practices. 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(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 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Parents ran a laundry business and father was a prominent community leader. During World War II, the FBI arrested George's father and the entire family was placed on a ship and sent to the Department of Justice camp at Crystal City, Texas. After leaving camp, the family was not allowed to return to Peru, so they moved to San Francisco with the help and sponsorship of a Shinto church reverend. Became involved in numerous activities such as Boy Scouts and basketball. Drafted into the army and served in Germany.","extent":"1:25:00","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-481","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":928,"namepart":"George Kazuharu Naganuma"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Yoko Nishimura"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Yuka Murakami"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"September 20, 2019","status":"completed","search_hidden":"George Kazuharu Naganuma narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nYoko Nishimura interviewer \nYuka Murakami videographer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1000-481-1-mezzanine-8f34180215-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-483-1018","model":"entity","index":"14 1164/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-483-1018/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-483-1018/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-483/ddr-densho-483-1018-mezzanine-734d7774f9-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-483/ddr-densho-483-1018-mezzanine-734d7774f9-a.jpg"},"title":"Paul and Kenji Ima with Tsutomu Fukuyama","description":"Paul and Kenji Ima with Tsutomu Fukuyama","extent":"2.5W x 3.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-483-1018","format":"img","persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006r228","namepart":"Ima (Imayanagita), Akira Paul"},{"nr_id":"88922/nr006r23z","namepart":"Ima (Imayanagita), Kenji"},{"nr_id":"88922/ddr001wg1","namepart":"Fukuyama, Tsutomu Tom"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"photograph","creation":"c. 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Board of Directors","description":"","extent":"8.5W x 14H","links_children":"ddr-densho-433-363","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Austen, Judy Van"}],"topics":[{"term":"Community activities","id":"15"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0125p9j","namepart":"Fujii Kitayama, Kimiko"},{"namepart":"Kitayama, Tom"},{"namepart":"Austen, Judy Van"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"broadside","location":"Oakland, California","creation":"June 9, 1993","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Austen, Judy Van author Fujii Kitayama, Kimiko 88922nr0125p9j\nKitayama, Tom \nAusten, Judy Van","download_large":"ddr-densho-433-363-mezzanine-b783ae2e41-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-65-82","model":"entity","index":"19 1169/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-65-82/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-65-82/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-65/ddr-densho-65-82-mezzanine-47729a86de-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-65/ddr-densho-65-82-mezzanine-47729a86de-a.jpg"},"title":"Tulean Dispatch Vol. III No. 86 (October 24, 1942)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Planning Board Election Held\" (p. 1), \"Editor Imazeki Leaves Quietly For Beet Harvest\" (p. 1), \"Co-op and Canteen Meet\" (p. 1), \"'Sloppy' Coos\" (p. 1), \"'Keep 'em Clean' Week\" (p. 1), \"Apply for Absentee Ballots\" (p. 1).","extent":"1208W x 2027H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-65-82","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications -- Tulean Dispatch","id":"174"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Imazeki, Howard"},{"namepart":"Murakami, Katsuro"},{"namepart":"Marutani, Bill"},{"namepart":"Semba, Tom"},{"namepart":"Nakamura, George"},{"namepart":"Smith, Kendall"},{"namepart":"Kito, Kinjiro"},{"namepart":"Nakamura, George J."},{"namepart":"Nakamura, Tsuyoshi"},{"namepart":"Fujii, Toko"},{"namepart":"Otani, Kunio"},{"namepart":"Sato, Tom"},{"namepart":"Okada, Eugene"},{"namepart":"Shigeno, Ted"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"periodical","location":"Tule Lake concentration camp, California","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"October 24, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Imazeki, Howard \nMurakami, Katsuro \nMarutani, Bill \nSemba, Tom \nNakamura, George \nSmith, Kendall \nKito, Kinjiro \nNakamura, George J. \nNakamura, Tsuyoshi \nFujii, Toko \nOtani, Kunio \nSato, Tom \nOkada, Eugene \nShigeno, Ted","download_large":"ddr-densho-65-82-mezzanine-47729a86de-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-491-74","model":"entity","index":"20 1170/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-491-74/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-491-74/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-491/ddr-densho-491-74-mezzanine-8c263b0231-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-491/ddr-densho-491-74-mezzanine-8c263b0231-a.jpg"},"title":"Washington Township JACL property survey and family records for Kataoka family","description":"","extent":"8.375W x 13.875H (survey); 8.375W x 6.875H (family record-handwritten); 8.5W x 6.875H (family record-typed)","links_children":"ddr-densho-491-74","topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Farming","id":"345"},{"term":"World War II -- Administration","id":"401"},{"term":"World War II -- Japanese American Citizens League activities","id":"400"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Kataoka, Yumi"},{"namepart":"Kataoka, Hisao"},{"namepart":"Kataoka, Masao"},{"namepart":"Kataoka, James"},{"namepart":"Kataoka, Tsuyako"},{"namepart":"Fukuoka, Tom"},{"namepart":"Fukuoka, Nobuko"}],"contributor":"Fremont Japanese American Citizens League","rights":"cc","genre":"misc_document","location":"California","creation":"c. 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kataoka, Yumi \nKataoka, Hisao \nKataoka, Masao \nKataoka, James \nKataoka, Tsuyako \nFukuoka, Tom \nFukuoka, Nobuko","download_large":"ddr-densho-491-74-mezzanine-8c263b0231-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1014-8","model":"entity","index":"21 1171/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1014-8/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1014-8/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1014/denshovh-ygeorge_3-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1014/denshovh-ygeorge_3-01-a.jpg"},"title":"George M. 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The Okano family owned and operated a dry cleaning/laundry business in a few different Western Washington cities as the family moved around","extent":"4.5W x 2.75H","links_children":"ddr-densho-359-123","topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Small business -- Laundromats","id":"373"}],"format":"img","persons":[{"namepart":"Masuko, Ayako Janet (Okano)"},{"namepart":"Okano, Haruno (Okano)"},{"namepart":"Okano, Masaru Philip \"Phil\""},{"namepart":"Okano, Toshiyuki \"Tom\""}],"contributor":"Densho","geography":[{"term":"Washington","id":"2"}],"rights":"cc","genre":"photograph","location":"Bellingham, Washington","creation":"c. 1930s","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Masuko, Ayako Janet (Okano) \nOkano, Haruno (Okano) \nOkano, Masaru Philip \"Phil\" \nOkano, Toshiyuki \"Tom\"","download_large":"ddr-densho-359-123-mezzanine-e82bc05426-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-manz-1-27","model":"entity","index":"23 1173/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-manz-1-27/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-manz-1-27/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-manz-1/denshovh-malfred-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-manz-1/denshovh-malfred-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Alfred \"Al\" Miyagishima Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born December 2, 1926, in Scottsbluff, Nebraska. Family operated grocery store prior to World War II. Moved to Stockton, California, due to father's illness. Removed to Stockton Assembly Center and Gila River concentration camp, Arizona. Resettled in Nebraska and finished high school. Drafted into the army in 1945, and joined family in Denver, Colorado, after completing military service.","extent":"02:30:56","links_children":"ddr-manz-1-27","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":305,"namepart":"Alfred \"Al\" Miyagishima"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Kirk Peterson"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr005916q","namepart":"Miyagishima, Alfred Shunji"}],"contributor":"Manzanar National Historic Site Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Denver, Colorado","creation":"May 13, 2008","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Alfred \"Al\" Miyagishima narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nKirk Peterson videographer Miyagishima, Alfred Shunji 88922nr005916q","download_large":"denshovh-malfred-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1004-2","model":"entity","index":"24 1174/{'value': 7946, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1004-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1004-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1004/denshovh-ygordon-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1004/denshovh-ygordon-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Yamada Interview","description":"Nisei male, born 1924. Served with the Military Intelligence Service during the postwar occupation of Japan.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"00:48:03","links_children":"ddr-densho-1004-2","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":462,"namepart":"Gordon Yamada"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"gayle k. yamada"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Rich Enos"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr012np97","namepart":"Yamada, Tom Gordon"}],"contributor":"gayle k. yamada Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Monterey, California","creation":"July 1, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Yamada narrator \ngayle k. yamada interviewer \nRich Enos videographer Yamada, Tom Gordon 88922nr012np97","download_large":"denshovh-ygordon-01-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"Tom","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}