{"total":66,"limit":25,"offset":50,"prev_offset":25,"next_offset":null,"page_size":25,"this_page":3,"num_this_page":16,"prev_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=The Nation&limit=25&offset=25","next_api":"","objects":[{"id":"ddr-pc-40-36","model":"entity","index":"0 50/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-40-36/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-40-36/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-40/ddr-pc-40-36-mezzanine-db363e1e9d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-40/ddr-pc-40-36-mezzanine-db363e1e9d-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Citizen, Vol. 67, No. 10 (September 6, 1968)","description":"Selected article titles: \"JACL to campaign repeal of detention camp clause\" (p. 1), \"Dan Inouye's parents at Coyne St. home watch son deliver keynoter\" (p. 1), \"Civil rights dialogue at confab drafts 12-pt. consensus for JACL\" (p. 1), \"Parallels of Nisei aned Negro Heritage\" (p. 4), \"43% in Britain feel Japan not 'reliable' nation\" (p. 4), \"Texts: Winning JACL Oratorical and Essay\" (p. 5), \"JACL's oldest member decorated\" (p. 5), \"'Inside look' on the hard-core unemployable\" (p. 5), \"Generation Gap Forum is fruitful\" (p. 6), \"Nisei of Brazil reap good press in Akihito visit\" (p. 8).","extent":"15W x 22.5H","links_children":"ddr-pc-40-36","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications -- Pacific Citizen","id":"389"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Cross-racial relations","id":"38"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Enomoto, Jerry"},{"namepart":"Inouye, Daniel K."},{"namepart":"Masaoka, Mike"},{"namepart":"Hiyama, Frank"},{"namepart":"Nakahama, Manjiro"},{"namepart":"Hosokawa, Bill"},{"namepart":"Imaizumi, Tom"},{"namepart":"Enomoto, Jerry"},{"namepart":"Takeuchi, Stuart"},{"namepart":"Kanegae, Henry"},{"namepart":"Taketa, Tom"},{"namepart":"Murayama, Tamotsu"},{"namepart":"Satow, Masao W."},{"namepart":"Kuroiwa, Ken"},{"namepart":"Yorita, Ben"},{"namepart":"Bassett, Evelyn"},{"namepart":"Nikaido, Roger"},{"namepart":"Sakahara, William T."},{"namepart":"Mineta, Norma"},{"namepart":"Togasaki, George K."},{"namepart":"Furukawa, David"},{"namepart":"Kikuchi, Chihiro"},{"namepart":"Kinoshita, Jin H."},{"namepart":"Inagaki, George J."},{"namepart":"Aibara, Nisaburo"},{"namepart":"Suzuki, Karen M."},{"namepart":"Shimoguchi, Mary"},{"namepart":"Ishimoto, Paul"},{"namepart":"Takizawa, Chiaki"},{"namepart":"Hayashi, Don"},{"namepart":"Okura, Pat"},{"namepart":"Gima, Richard"},{"namepart":"Yamauchi, Gary"},{"namepart":"Honda, Harry K."},{"namepart":"Endo, Ellen"},{"namepart":"Henry, Jim"},{"namepart":"Matsui, Jeffrey"},{"namepart":"Kumamoto, Alan"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"September 6, 1968","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League publisher Enomoto, Jerry \nInouye, Daniel K. \nMasaoka, Mike \nHiyama, Frank \nNakahama, Manjiro \nHosokawa, Bill \nImaizumi, Tom \nEnomoto, Jerry \nTakeuchi, Stuart \nKanegae, Henry \nTaketa, Tom \nMurayama, Tamotsu \nSatow, Masao W. \nKuroiwa, Ken \nYorita, Ben \nBassett, Evelyn \nNikaido, Roger \nSakahara, William T. \nMineta, Norma \nTogasaki, George K. \nFurukawa, David \nKikuchi, Chihiro \nKinoshita, Jin H. \nInagaki, George J. \nAibara, Nisaburo \nSuzuki, Karen M. \nShimoguchi, Mary \nIshimoto, Paul \nTakizawa, Chiaki \nHayashi, Don \nOkura, Pat \nGima, Richard \nYamauchi, Gary \nHonda, Harry K. \nEndo, Ellen \nHenry, Jim \nMatsui, Jeffrey \nKumamoto, Alan","download_large":"ddr-pc-40-36-mezzanine-db363e1e9d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-4-2","model":"entity","index":"1 51/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-4-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-4-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-2-master-e395d1e63d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-2-master-e395d1e63d-a.jpg"},"title":"Photograph and article","description":"Caption on reverse [translation]: \"The Man Who Shoulders Our Cotton Industry - Fusajiro Abe. The textiles Industry in the nation faces challenging era. Recent trade talks including Shimura meeting and Japan and Dutch East Indies meetings have been focusing on extremely low and exclusion of our cotton products. Serving as the director of the two textiles industry giants in the nation, Kanebo and Toyobo, Cotton Spinners' Association Chairman Fusajiro Abe is playing a key role as the leader of the industry. Born in 1868 in the Koshu area (Shiga prefecture), he has a former family name Tsuji. Working for a kimono fabric merchant right fter his graduation from elementary school, he spend six years until age 18 to gain trading skills. He went to Tokyo with little saving to attend Azabu Junior High School, former Tokyo Eiwa School, to study business, and moved on to attend Keio University. With a help of family business, Abe Pharmaceutical Company. Recognized as a strong business leader, he served as the senior director for Kanakin Boseki Company. Upon takeover in 1914 by Osaka Boseki Company managed by late Takeo Yamanobe, he continued to serve as a senior director. Merger with Mie Boseki Company created Toyo Boseki Company, where he continued to serve as the senior director of the operation. The textiles industry was at the lowest point before the war. Abe built firm foundation by expanding the overseas trading to India, Arab and Burma, contributing to the success of the industry currently enjoys. Promoted to be the Chief Executive Officer in 1920 and taking over the position of the late Tsunezo Saito 15 years ago, he is still serving as the Chief Officer. He also founded Showa Rayon in 1928, as well as Karafuto Kogyo Company with Heizaburo Okawa. Upon merger by Oji Paper Company, he remained as a director and a representative of the Kansai region. Abe also founded Kosho Company to expand cotton import and cotton product export, and his contribution to both textiles and paper industry of the nation is remarkable. Despite the common notion of Koshu natives as unfair business people, he is well-liked and patient. With his mild manner, confrontation is not an issue for this Koshu man. He has quiet leadership with his ability to make slow and steady progress. He was the first investor to take responsibility, compose recovery program and offer private fund when Omi Bank collapsed with frenzy economy in 1927. Displeased with the result of the Japan India Talk, Abe gave up his seat as the chairperson of Dainihon Cotton Spinners' Association Chairman, and Tsuda from Kanebo assumed the position, indicating strong leadership and trust Abe still demonstrates.\"","extent":"3W x 6H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-4-2","format":"img","language":["jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Abe, Fusajiro"}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"clipping","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Abe, Fusajiro","download_large":"ddr-njpa-4-2-master-e395d1e63d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-372-1","model":"entity","index":"2 52/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-372-1/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-372-1/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-372/ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg"},"title":"American Concentration Camps VOLUME 1  July, 1940- December 31, 1941","description":"Volume 1 divides into three sections. Description about this volume reads directly from the book as follows: The first section contains archival documents regarding pre-Pearl Harbor materials that deal largely with discussion between the War and the Justice Departments over responsibilities for enemy aliens in case of war and with internal Army documents about construction of accommodations for enemy aliens and interned merchant seamen. The next section of the book pertains to the dates of December 7, 1941 to April 20, 1942 where documents show the ways in which the lives of enemy aliens in general and of Japanese Americans in particular were affected, and how, over time, most of the options of the latter disappeared. The final section pertains to archival documents that demonstrate the growing conflicts between the War Department and the Department of Justice and show the rising concern about internal security in both the government and the nation at large.","extent":"1 book: 8.75W x 11.25H","links_children":"ddr-densho-372-1","creators":[{"role":"Editor","namepart":"Daniels, Roger"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II","id":"399"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath","id":"48"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath -- Events prior to Pearl Harbor","id":"49"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","geography":[{"term":"North and Central America","id":"332"},{"term":"United States","id":"1"}],"rights":"cc","genre":"book","creation":"c. 1989","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Daniels, Roger Editor","download_large":"ddr-densho-372-1-mezzanine-db476bbdea-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-52-36","model":"entity","index":"3 53/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-52-36/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-52-36/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-36-mezzanine-6d4cad0c1d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-52/ddr-csujad-52-36-mezzanine-6d4cad0c1d-a.jpg"},"title":"Hana Tada leading a group of Japanese Americans in singing \"God Bless America\" at a service in 1984","description":"Caption above image reads, \"GOD BLESS AMERICA--Hana Tada, 93, (center) leads group of Japanese-Americans in singing 'God Bless America' at a service here 2/19 commemorating the internment of them & 3,600 other Japanese-Americans in camps here during WWII. Tada & her group do not speak English, saying they were too busy making livings as farmers to learn, & sang using phonics. They said it was their duty to their nation to participate in the service, where a plaque designating the internment area here as a state historical landmark. The Japanese-Americans were held in the rodeo grounds here as a security measure, the War Department said.\" See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/36739\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">hslb_npc_0040</a>","extent":"black and white, 8 x 10.5 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-52-36","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Associated Press"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Elders","id":"510"},{"term":"Reflections on the past -- Camp pilgrimages","id":"81"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers","id":"61"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Historical Society of Long Beach, Long Beach, California","rights":"nocc","genre":"photograph","location":"Salinas, California","facility":[{"term":"Salinas","id":"18"}],"creation":"2/19/1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Associated Press publisher","download_large":"ddr-csujad-52-36-mezzanine-6d4cad0c1d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-28-4","model":"entity","index":"4 54/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-28-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-28-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-28/ddr-pc-28-4-mezzanine-01bab0deef-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-28/ddr-pc-28-4-mezzanine-01bab0deef-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Citizen, Vol. 42, No. 4 (January 27, 1956)","description":"Selected article titles: \"If Revisions Being Contemplated, 'Fair Share' Urged for Far East in Eisenhower Message on Immigration\" (p. 1), \"Californians enter evacuation claims bill in 2d session\" (p. 1), \"Virginia court rejects U.S. Supreme Court order to develop Ham Say Naim case\" (p. 1), \"$13,000 in nation-wide contribution acknowledged by Marysville flood group\" (p. 2), \"Deny Ft. Ord GI married to Japanese right to buy $16,000 Monterey home\" (p. 3), \"Colorado chapters of Ft. Lupton, Mile-Hi, San Luis Valley, Arkansas Valley active, in good hands, JACL enthusiasm high\" (p. 5), \"Prejudice on the Campus\" (p.8), \"School and desegregation: tremendous responsibilities facing congressmen pointed out when voting on bill & amendments\" (p. 8).","extent":"11.5W x 17H","links_children":"ddr-pc-28-4","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications -- Pacific Citizen","id":"389"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics","id":"235"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Fujii, Kimi"},{"namepart":"Hachiya, Hiram"},{"namepart":"Honda, Harry K."},{"namepart":"Kushida, Tats"},{"namepart":"Hosokawa, Bill"},{"namepart":"Hiraga, Rose"},{"namepart":"O'Reilly, Hugh F."},{"namepart":"Yokohari, Mitsuma"},{"namepart":"Yamazaki, Minoru"},{"namepart":"Murayama, Tamotsu"},{"namepart":"Hatfield, James R."},{"namepart":"Yabuki, Jean"},{"namepart":"Davis, William T."},{"namepart":"Sakurada, Smoky H."},{"namepart":"Joichi, Max"},{"namepart":"Kaneko, Kow"},{"namepart":"Ogawa, Elmer"},{"namepart":"Satow, Masao"},{"namepart":"Amino, Yosh"},{"namepart":"Kasai, Fum"},{"namepart":"Mattocks, Billy"},{"namepart":"Shimada, Fuzzy"},{"namepart":"Mori, Henry"},{"namepart":"Kamada, Tamotsu"},{"namepart":"Fukuchi, Fred K."},{"namepart":"Goto, Taro"},{"namepart":"Sato, Shoichi Henry"},{"namepart":"Tajiri, Larry S."},{"namepart":"Masaoka, Mike"}],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"January 27, 1956","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League author Fujii, Kimi \nHachiya, Hiram \nHonda, Harry K. \nKushida, Tats \nHosokawa, Bill \nHiraga, Rose \nO'Reilly, Hugh F. \nYokohari, Mitsuma \nYamazaki, Minoru \nMurayama, Tamotsu \nHatfield, James R. \nYabuki, Jean \nDavis, William T. \nSakurada, Smoky H. \nJoichi, Max \nKaneko, Kow \nOgawa, Elmer \nSatow, Masao \nAmino, Yosh \nKasai, Fum \nMattocks, Billy \nShimada, Fuzzy \nMori, Henry \nKamada, Tamotsu \nFukuchi, Fred K. \nGoto, Taro \nSato, Shoichi Henry \nTajiri, Larry S. \nMasaoka, Mike","download_large":"ddr-pc-28-4-mezzanine-01bab0deef-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-4-1067","model":"entity","index":"5 55/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-4-1067/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-4-1067/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-1067-master-558902bf63-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-1067-master-558902bf63-a.jpg"},"title":"Photograph and article regarding Sonosuke Nagasaki","description":"Article [translation]: \"President Nagasaki of National Railways attended travel conference. President Nagasaki of Japan National Railways, who has been touring Europe, arrived in Hawaii last night by a Pan American airplane from New York to attend the Pacific Travel Conference session. He spoke about his European inspection as follows: 'The purpose of this inspection was to exchange ideas with people of each nation about solving the problem of funding each country's national railroads and about the modernization of railroads, and also to inspect their railway institutions. I departed from Japan on the 1st and, using Paris as a base, visited London, Frankfurt and Berlin. After the travel conference, on the evening of the 14th, I am returning to New York to inspect the American railway institutions again.' He is from Akita and has held the position of President of National Railways since August of last year. At the airport he was welcomed by the Japanese representatives of the travel conference, Seishiro Kurita and Nobuo Matsumura, his wife, and Shigeo Shigenaga, a local. (The picture is President Nagasaki.)\"","extent":"2.5W x 3.25H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-4-1067","format":"img","language":["jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Nagasaki, Sonosuke"}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Hawai'i","creation":"12-Mar-53","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nagasaki, Sonosuke","download_large":"ddr-njpa-4-1067-master-558902bf63-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-19","model":"entity","index":"6 56/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-19/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-19/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview III","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:21:56","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-19","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 5, 1999","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-20","model":"entity","index":"7 57/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-20/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-20/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview IV","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:49:44","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-20","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"February 17, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-17","model":"entity","index":"8 58/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-17/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-17/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview I","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"02:53:51","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-17","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Becky Fukuda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"April 26, 1999","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nBecky Fukuda interviewer \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-18","model":"entity","index":"9 59/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-18/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-18/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview II","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"02:31:45","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-18","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 25, 1999","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-115","model":"entity","index":"10 60/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-115/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-115/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview V","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:55:10","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-115","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 4, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg"},{"id":"19","model":"narrator","index":"11 61/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/19/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/19/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hgordon.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hgordon.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/19/interviews/"},"display_name":"Gordon Hirabayashi","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1943 the Supreme Court upheld his convictions. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\""},{"id":"ddr-densho-67","model":"collection","index":"12 62/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-1-mezzanine-669b4d2adf-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-1-mezzanine-669b4d2adf-a.jpg"},"title":"Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians Collection","description":"This collection consists of selected papers collected by the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC), which was created on July 30, 1980 by an act of Congress. Formed mainly to investigate matters surrounding the incarceration and to recommend appropriate remedies, the CWRIC had no power to correct grievances and was viewed as a \"copout\" by those fighting for more immediate redress. Still, hearings were conducted in 20 cities across the nation beginning in 1981, and in 1982 the CWRIC issued its report 'Personal Justice Denied.' It was an exhaustive work that combined the testimonies of former camp inmates given at the hearings and research conducted by a team led by Aiko Yoshinaga Herzig. Herzig and legal historian Peter Irons discovered declassified documents verifying that the government had withheld information showing that there was no military necessity in the forced removal and incarceration of Japanese Americans. Ultimately, the CWRIC recommended, among other things, $20,000 individual compensation to those incarcerated and a formal government apology. This recommendation would be the basis for the many redress bills that were to follow.\r\nThe collection also includes a selection of written testimonies submitted to the Commission in 1981 for the Seattle, Washington, and Washington, D.C., hearings. Also included are selected written testimonies submitted for hearings on the Civil Liberties Act of 1983, H.R. 4110 and S. 2116.","extent":"353 documents","links_children":"ddr-densho-67","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","public":"1","rights":"pdm","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-1-mezzanine-669b4d2adf-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-2","model":"entity","index":"13 63/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"<p>(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film <i>Unfinished Business</i>.</p><p>This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"01:15:22","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-2","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Edmonton, Alberta, Canada","creation":"October 25, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-06-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024-17","model":"entity","index":"14 64/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024-17/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024-17/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},"title":"Japanese Relocation","description":"Narr. by Milton S. Eisenhower, director of the War Relocation Authority. An historical record of the transfer of Japanese residents from the Pacific Coast to the American Interior as carried out the the U.S. Army and the War Relocation Authority. 100,000 people of Japanese ancestry, two-thirds of them American citizens. Special attention given to possibility of sabotage & espionage.\\n\"Japanese themselves cheerfully handled the enormous paperwork involved.\" Alludes to the auctioning of personal property by government agencies and businessmen, saying that it \"often involved financial sacrifice for the evacuees.\" Narration says that evacuees \"cooperated wholeheartedly,\" noting that \"the many loyal among them felt that this was a sacrifice that they could make in behalf of America's war effort.\"\\nBus and private car caravans, shopkeepers' stores, homes, restaurants, fishing boats are shown. Temporary quarters were in \"assembly centers,\" at race tracks , and fair grounds. San Anita (sp.?) race track , a community of 17,000.\\nDepicts camp life: cafeteria, church services, nursery schools, people engaged in war-related work (making camouflage nets for army). Building new quarters in the desert for the final movement to the relocation camps. Smiling Japanese people being carted off on trains. Medical facilities, Americanization classes, schools, internal government, barracks-style housing, irrigation projects in desert.\\nSome evacuees were \"permitted\" to become fieldhands in sugar beet fields under appropriate safeguards. Describes the goal of the relocation as achieved when \"all adult hands\" are engaged in \"productive work on public land or in private employment.\" And when \"the disloyal have left this country for good.\"\\nRelocation seen as a humane act \"setting the standard for the rest of the world in the treatment of people who may have loyalties to an enemy nation, protecting ourselves without violating the principles of Christian decency.\"\r\n\r\nSee this item in the <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/digital-library-of-japanese-american-incarceration-films\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films</a> at: <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/0042_Japanese_Relocation_18_00_50_00\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://archive.org/details/0042_Japanese_Relocation_18_00_50_00</a>.","extent":"00:09:32","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024-17","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"U.S. Office of War Information"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"motion_picture","creation":"1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"U.S. Office of War Information publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-17-mezzanine-8f213b2ab6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-janm-18-20","model":"entity","index":"15 65/{'value': 66, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-janm-18-20/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-janm-18-20/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-janm-18/ddr-janm-18-20-mezzanine-04c29f61ca-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-janm-18/ddr-janm-18-20-mezzanine-04c29f61ca-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from John (Sohei) Hohri to Harold Landon","description":"Letter from John (Sohei) Hohri to Harold Landon dated June 7, 1943. John apologizes to Harold for not writing and writes about his high school graduation in March 1943. John writes about noticing a disconnect between his life and his faith, that he was feeling ill and felt as if God was far away from him, and that he did not feel comfort with his friends. John writes about going to the orphanage to see a friend and meeting an orphan girl named Matsuko Kodani. John writes extensively about Matsuko and her love of God. He quotes many scriptures relating to God's love and writes about living a life that reflects those ideals. He praises his truely Christian relationship with Matsuko and notes that she is 17, is going to graduate high school in July, and also teaches a Sunday school class. John breaks away from talking about his faith, to asking Harold questions about pole vaulting, sports statistics, and the army. He mentions that he doesn't know what his military status is, but he would only join the military as a non-combatant. He writes about world affairs and mentions that America is not a Christian nation. He mentions that being in camp has allowed him to see through the \"fake fronts\" of the government and and the public. The last page of the letter includes two illustrations of him struggling to do an iron cross on athletic rings. He asks Harold to let him know when he goes to the military so that he could try to make arrangements to see him in person. He concludes his letter by stating his gratitude for having friends such as Harold and \"Mats.\"","extent":"11 x 8 1/2 in. (27.9 x 21.6 cm)","links_children":"ddr-janm-18-20","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Hohri, Sohei (John)"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Hohri, Sohei (John)"}],"contributor":"Japanese American National Museum","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Manzanar, California","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hohri, Sohei (John) author Hohri, Sohei (John)","download_large":"ddr-janm-18-20-mezzanine-04c29f61ca-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"The Nation","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}