{"total":1182,"limit":25,"offset":1150,"prev_offset":1125,"next_offset":1175,"page_size":25,"this_page":47,"num_this_page":25,"prev_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=San Francisco&limit=25&offset=1125","next_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=San Francisco&limit=25&offset=1175","objects":[{"id":"ddr-one-1-507","model":"entity","index":"0 1150/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-one-1-507/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-one-1-507/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-one-1/ddr-one-1-507-mezzanine-6db0e04be9-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-one-1/ddr-one-1-507-mezzanine-6db0e04be9-a.jpg"},"title":"Portland Rose Festival Parade- float 47  \"Neptune's daughters\"","description":"Color slide of Rose Festival Parade float 47 being pulled by a cream color convertible with white wall tires in front of a crowd in front of a Signal gas station and San Francisco Tailor on SW Third Ave.  The float reads \"Marine day tomorrow\" and \"Neptune's daughters.\"  A small yellow sign is visible above \"Neptune's daughters\" with the number 47 on it.  The float is made out of blue and white flowers to depict water with a large boat on top.  In the boat sit four women in green swim suits and a man acting as if he is steering the boat.  A man in scuba diving gear sits on the back of the float.  In the car sits a woman in a white swimsuit and couple dressed as sailors, the sign on the side of the car reads \"Miss Diane Spencer.\"  The Portland Rose Festival Parade is an annual event in which floats are made out of flowers and paraded down the streets of Portland.  According to donor processed on May 21, 1955.","extent":"1.375W x 1H","links_children":"ddr-one-1-507","creators":[{"role":"photographer","namepart":"Hirahara, Frank"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Oregon -- Portland","id":"289"},{"term":"Community activities -- Festivals, celebrations, and holidays -- Portland Rose Festival","id":"306"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Returning home","id":"106"}],"format":"img","contributor":"Japanese American Museum of Oregon; Portland, Oregon","rights":"cc","genre":"photograph","location":"Portland, Oregon","creation":"1948-1954","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hirahara, Frank photographer","download_large":"ddr-one-1-507-mezzanine-6db0e04be9-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-4-931","model":"entity","index":"1 1151/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-4-931/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-4-931/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-931-master-b6f25dcf4f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-931-master-b6f25dcf4f-a.jpg"},"title":"Article regarding Takeo Miki","description":"Article: \"Progressive Party Leader Of Japan Here. Takeo Miki, chief secretary of the Progressive Party (Kaishinto) of Japan, and Mrs. Miki are visiting in Honolulu today enroute back to Japan after a two months' world tour. They arrived here last night from San Francisco at 10 by plane, and are scheduled to depart for Tokyo tonight at 10:30 by Pan American clipper. Miki said the purpose of his trip was to survey postwar reconstruction conditions in Europe and the Near East and meet major political leaders in various countries to get their views on the world situation. Leaving Japan on Sept. 5 with his wife, he visited India, Egypt and Europe, and arrived in the United States on Oct. 20, spending most of his time in New York City and Washington, D. C. Miki recalled today that he first visited Hawaii as a member of the Meiji university debating team which toured the world. He spent two weeks here at that time, and has many friends in the Islands. He is a former member of the Japanese cabinet, having been appointed minister of communications at the age of 39.\"","extent":"2W x 5.5H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-4-931","format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Miki, Takeo"}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"clipping","creation":"12-Nov-53","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Miki, Takeo","download_large":"ddr-njpa-4-931-master-b6f25dcf4f-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-5-160","model":"entity","index":"2 1152/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-5-160/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-5-160/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-160-mezzanine-52edd21b38-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-160-mezzanine-52edd21b38-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from Masao Okine to Mr. and Mrs. S. Okine, September 12, 1946 [in Japanese]","description":"A letter from Masao Okine, who is stationed in Japan as a Nisei soldier to his parents, Seiichi and Ayame Okine. This letter is mailed via San Francisco, California by the U.S. Army Postal Service. In the letter, Masao writes about his visit to Hiroshima during the vacation. He meets Naoji Okine, Jokichi Yamanaka, Mr. Sasaki, Mr. Nakano, and other relatives. He reports about their well-being and harvesting rice in the following month. He also writes about his schedule for returning to the U.S. He is going to be transferred to Zama, Kanagawa, and return to Yokohama, Kanagawa. From Yokohama, he is going to board a ship to return to the U.S, arriving at the end of the month. He assumes that this letter is his last letter from Japan. The handwritten notes on the backside of the envelope read: Arrived on September 16, 1946, this letter is the last [in Japanese]. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/6790\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oki_02_11_001</a>","extent":"2 pages, 6.25 x 9 inches, handwritten; 1 envelope","links_children":"ddr-csujad-5-160","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Okine, Masao"}],"topics":[{"term":"Military service -- Post-World War II service","id":"297"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"}],"format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"contributor":"CSU Dominguez Hills Department of Archives and Special Collections","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Yokohama, Kanagawa","creation":"9/12/1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Okine, Masao author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-5-160-mezzanine-52edd21b38-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-5-121","model":"entity","index":"3 1153/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-5-121/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-5-121/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-121-mezzanine-eeee8e0019-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-121-mezzanine-eeee8e0019-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from Masao Okine to Mr. and Mrs. Okine, January 10, 1946 [in Japanese]","description":"A letter from Masao Okine to his parents, Seiichi and Tomeyo Okine in Hawthorne. This letter is written in Japan where Masao is currently stationed as a Nisei soldier and mailed via San Francisco by the U.S. Army Postal Service.  In the letter, Masao describes his work as a US Army solider in Japan: He has been staying in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, but has not been informed of the next deployment. The solders take an exam and the next locations are determined based on the results of the exam. He also writes about her brother-in-law, Nobuyuki Tanimoto, who Masao has been trying to locate in Tokyo. He states that Ginza in Tokyo is completely destroyed by the bombing attacks during the war. He also appreciates his parents for the financial support, 37.00 dollars given to his wife, Ayame. The handwritten notes on the back on the envelope read: Arrived on January 30, 1946, no. 3 [in Japanese]. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/6765\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oki_01_49_001</a>","extent":"1 page, 6 x 9 inches, handwritten; 1 envelope","links_children":"ddr-csujad-5-121","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Okine, Masao"}],"topics":[{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Military service -- Postwar occupation of Japan","id":"199"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"}],"format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"contributor":"CSU Dominguez Hills Department of Archives and Special Collections","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Sagamihara, Japan","creation":"1/10/1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Okine, Masao author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-5-121-mezzanine-eeee8e0019-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1009-3","model":"entity","index":"4 1154/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1009-3/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1009-3/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1009/denshovh-mcharlie_g-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1009/denshovh-mcharlie_g-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Charlie Matsubara - Mary Matsubara - Evelyn Togami Interview","description":"This interview was conducted with husband and wife Charlie and Mary Matsubara, and Mary's sister Evelyn Togami. Charlie was born June 3, 1920, in San Francisco, California. Mary was born January 3, 1922, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Evelyn was born December 9, 1920, in Albuquerque, New Mexico. Mary and Evelyn were living in California with their family when World War II broke out, and the family decided to caravan with several other Japanese American families back to New Mexico, where they remained throughout the war. Charlie was living in Los Angeles when the war started, and he and his brother stayed behind in California to settle property and belongings while the rest of the family moved to Albuquerque to avoid incarceration. Charlie and his brother were sent to the Manzanar concentration camp, California. Charlie eventually left camp to join his family in New Mexico.<p>(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:13:27","links_children":"ddr-densho-1009-3","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":826,"namepart":"Charlie Matsubara"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":827,"namepart":"Mary Matsubara"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":828,"namepart":"Evelyn Togami"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Danielle Corcoran"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr009ps8p","namepart":"Matsubara, Charles Saburo"}],"contributor":"New Mexico JACL Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Albuquerque, New Mexico","creation":"May 28, 2012","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Charlie Matsubara narrator \nMary Matsubara narrator \nEvelyn Togami narrator \nDanielle Corcoran interviewer Matsubara, Charles Saburo 88922nr009ps8p","download_large":"denshovh-mcharlie_g-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-one-1-493","model":"entity","index":"5 1155/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-one-1-493/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-one-1-493/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-one-1/ddr-one-1-493-mezzanine-0f9a811d35-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-one-1/ddr-one-1-493-mezzanine-0f9a811d35-a.jpg"},"title":"Portland Rose Festival Parade Float- \"Catholic Organizations Dove of Peace\"","description":"Color slide of the Catholic Organizations Dove of Peace float driving down SW Third Ave in front of a large crowd gathered outside a Signal gas station and San Francisco Tailor, behind the Signal gas station is the old Multnomah Hotel in the Portland Rose Festival Parade.  On the float sit three visible women dressed in costumes and one man driving the float.  The woman sitting in front is dressed in a Native American costume and is holding a pink ribbon.  On the side of the float is a woman dressed in pink kimono, and behind her is a woman dressed in Western style blue dress.  On the center of the float is large globe made of flowers with the word \"Pray\" and \"World\" visible. A large dove made of white/yellow flowers is visible flying above the globe with a yellow cross leaning above.  The side of the float reads \"Catholic Organizations Doves of Peace.\"  The Portland Rose Festival Parade is an annual event in which floats are made out of flowers and paraded down the streets of Portland.  According to the donor processed on June 16, 1954.","extent":"1.375W x 1H","links_children":"ddr-one-1-493","creators":[{"role":"photographer","namepart":"Hirahara, Frank"}],"topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Oregon -- Portland","id":"289"},{"term":"Community activities -- Festivals, celebrations, and holidays -- Portland Rose Festival","id":"306"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Returning home","id":"106"}],"format":"img","contributor":"Japanese American Museum of Oregon; Portland, Oregon","rights":"cc","genre":"photograph","location":"Portland, Oregon","creation":"1948-1954","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hirahara, Frank photographer","download_large":"ddr-one-1-493-mezzanine-0f9a811d35-a.jpg"},{"id":"963","model":"narrator","index":"6 1156/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/963/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/963/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/963/interviews/"},"display_name":"Kathy Yamaguchi","bio":"Kathy Yamaguchi (pseudonym) was born in 1948 as a Sansei daughter of a homemaker and a gardener, who had met in the incarceration camp in Topaz, Utah. Yamaguchi calls her father an \"assimilationist\" who mostly associated with non-Asians, and she feels that she, too, did not have a lot of Japanese American friends when she was growing up. When Yamaguchi began to pursue medical education at the University of California, San Francisco, in 1971, she realized how her lack of exposure to professional role models, as well as her experience of growing up in an extremely \"non-verbal\" family, made it a challenge for her to be in a decision-making position. She describes herself as being only \"around on the fringes\" of the Asian American activism in the 1970s. She joined the East Bay Socialist Doctors Group and the Physicians for Social Responsibility, and through members of these groups, she learned in the early 1980s about US survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. She was struck by their graciousness and gratefulness to physicians who offered the needed medical care. \"Given what they've gone through,\" Yamaguchi says, she felt it necessary to assist US hibakusha. She supports a single-payer health care system, and feels that US survivors are one of many groups that have been disadvantaged by the absence of such a system. Yamaguchi also enjoys working with Japanese physicians from Hiroshima who come biannually to conduct a health checkup for American hibakusha. She joined the Sansei Legacy Project beginning in 1990, which put her more in touch with her feelings about being raised by the parents who had been incarcerated during the war. She also made many more Japanese American friends through her participation in the group. At the time of the interview, Yamaguchi worked as a part-time physician in a public clinic serving the underserved patients in San Francisco's Japantown area."},{"id":"ddr-densho-423-466","model":"entity","index":"7 1157/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-423-466/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-423-466/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-423/ddr-densho-423-466-mezzanine-5269f453cb-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-423/ddr-densho-423-466-mezzanine-5269f453cb-a.jpg"},"title":"Name list and addresses","description":"Possible related to Masano Nozawa's funeral","extent":"8W x 12.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-423-466","topics":[{"term":"Community activities -- Funerals","id":"308"}],"format":"doc","persons":[{"namepart":"Soko Gekuen Gakumuiin Yushi"},{"namepart":"Cutler, Royal"},{"namepart":"Nagata, Shigeru"},{"namepart":"Silver Echo Juniors"},{"namepart":"Shibuya, Takeshi"},{"namepart":"San Francisco Nihonkin Kai"},{"namepart":"Saito, Anne"},{"namepart":"Kyogoku, Marii"},{"namepart":"Asakawa, Motoharu"},{"namepart":"Abe, Hayao Leslie"},{"namepart":"Iino, Gwendolyn"},{"namepart":"Iino, Jean"},{"namepart":"Kuwahara, Eitaro"},{"namepart":"Tanino, Takeo"},{"namepart":"Takemura, Seiji"},{"namepart":"Ohashi, Kakudo"},{"namepart":"Komai, Kyuji"},{"namepart":"Amino, Morishige"},{"namepart":"Tsuchiya, Chiye"},{"namepart":"Nakamura, Tsumiaki"},{"namepart":"Suzuki, Takeshi"},{"namepart":"Ozawa, Kaname"},{"namepart":"Sameshima, Fumiko"},{"namepart":"Yamaoka, Un"},{"namepart":"Matsumoto, Kaichi"},{"namepart":"Yokoi, Suketaro"},{"namepart":"Satomi, Matsunosuke"},{"namepart":"Konishi, Chiyo"},{"namepart":"Akita, Yoneko"},{"namepart":"Yamasaki, Murasaburo"},{"namepart":"Takahashi, Shigetaro"},{"namepart":"Hagiwara, Haruko"},{"namepart":"Yamamoto, Sada"},{"namepart":"Sayegusa, Yasutaro"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"misc_document","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"c. 1939","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Soko Gekuen Gakumuiin Yushi \nCutler, Royal \nNagata, Shigeru \nSilver Echo Juniors \nShibuya, Takeshi \nSan Francisco Nihonkin Kai \nSaito, Anne \nKyogoku, Marii \nAsakawa, Motoharu \nAbe, Hayao Leslie \nIino, Gwendolyn \nIino, Jean \nKuwahara, Eitaro \nTanino, Takeo \nTakemura, Seiji \nOhashi, Kakudo \nKomai, Kyuji \nAmino, Morishige \nTsuchiya, Chiye \nNakamura, Tsumiaki \nSuzuki, Takeshi \nOzawa, Kaname \nSameshima, Fumiko \nYamaoka, Un \nMatsumoto, Kaichi \nYokoi, Suketaro \nSatomi, Matsunosuke \nKonishi, Chiyo \nAkita, Yoneko \nYamasaki, Murasaburo \nTakahashi, Shigetaro \nHagiwara, Haruko \nYamamoto, Sada \nSayegusa, Yasutaro","download_large":"ddr-densho-423-466-mezzanine-5269f453cb-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-29-13","model":"entity","index":"8 1158/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-29-13/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-29-13/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-29/ddr-pc-29-13-mezzanine-f24a47b7d7-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-29/ddr-pc-29-13-mezzanine-f24a47b7d7-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Citizen, Vol. 44, No. 13 (March 29, 1957)","description":"Select article titles: \"JACL seeks deletion of 'Fuzz Young' text, use of 'Japs' may bias children\" (p. 1); \"First Japanese PW Taken in WW2 Found Working For Car Firm\" (p. 1); \"Nat'l Campaign on Anti-Nisei TV-Films Opens\" (p. 1); \"Hearing dates for Hawaii statehood set in both Houses\" (p. 1); San Francisco 'Nipponmachi' suffers light damage in Mar. 22 earthquake\" (p. 1); \"Fiancees of Canadian Nisei permitted entry under special immigration rule\" (p. 1); \"Nisei woman veterinarian hopes of African post\" (p. 2); \"Entire community of Marsing, Idaho, comes to bat for Nisei whose home was burned down; shows strong public unity\" (p. 3); \"Sacramento Nisei war memorial center all paid up; new directors selected\" (p. 3); \"Nisei form new market cooperative\" (p. 3); Shonien push final bid for $30,000\" (p. 3); \"Detroit CL votes incorporation as non-profit group\" (p. 4); \"'April Showers' dance plans bared\" (p. 4); \"Discussions for four Sunday afternoons on Nisei-Sansei problems to be candid\" (p. 5); \"Nisei in major league ball: hits .000 but with Chicago Cubs he bats 1,000\" (p. 6); \"Celler's immigrant quota plan rapped by Calif. editorial\" (p. 8); \"Civil Rights bill advances step in both House, Senate\" (p. 8); \"Foreign service officers examination date set; application deadline May 1\" (p. 8)","extent":"11W x 17H","links_children":"ddr-pc-29-13","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics","id":"235"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics -- Hawaiian statehood","id":"236"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Performing arts -- Film","id":"249"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Los Angeles","id":"272"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- San Francisco","id":"273"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Hawai'i","id":"277"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Community activities -- Nihonmachi (\"Japantowns\")","id":"27"},{"term":"Community activities -- Sports -- Baseball","id":"314"},{"term":"Education","id":"31"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Sansei","id":"338"},{"term":"Japanese Canadians","id":"200"},{"term":"Japanese Canadians -- Life in Canada","id":"382"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications -- Pacific Citizen","id":"389"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Discrimination","id":"37"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"03/29/1957","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-29-13-mezzanine-f24a47b7d7-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-181","model":"entity","index":"9 1159/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-181/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-181/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kfred_g-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kfred_g-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Fred Korematsu - Kathryn Korematsu Interview","description":"This interview centers on the experiences of Fred Korematsu, a Nisei born January 30, 1919, in Oakland, California. Mr. Korematsu was working as a welder in San Francisco when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. After Executive Order 9066 was issued in 1942, he decided to resist the evacuation orders, and was not removed with his family. He was arrested in May of 1942, taken to jail, and eventually transferred to the Tanforan Assembly Center, California, where his family was being held. He legally challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, and his case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the order in 1944. Following World War II, Mr. Korematsu moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he married and raised a family before returning to California. In the early 1980s, his case was reopened after the discovery of a crucial document indicating that in the original 1944 case, the federal government had lied to the high court. The conviction was vacated by U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel in 1983, and in 1998, Mr. Korematsu was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.<p>(Due to technical difficulties and conditions at the time of taping, there is loud background noise in this interview.)","extent":"01:21:43","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-181","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":205,"namepart":"Fred Korematsu"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":206,"namepart":"Kathryn Korematsu"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tetsuden Kashima"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr008bb3x","namepart":"Korematsu, Fred Toyosaburo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 14, 1996","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fred Korematsu narrator \nKathryn Korematsu narrator \nLorraine Bannai interviewer \nTetsuden Kashima interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer Korematsu, Fred Toyosaburo 88922nr008bb3x","download_large":"denshovh-kfred_g-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-122","model":"entity","index":"10 1160/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-122/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-122/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ttomiye-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ttomiye-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Tomiye Terasaki Interview","description":"Kibei female. Born October 5, 1910, in San Francisco, California. At age three, sent to live with grandfather and receive education in Fukuoka, Japan. After high school, temporarily moved to Tokyo and assisted family-owned business. In 1929, returned to U.S. to join parents in Sacramento. After arranged marriage to Mr. Tadao Sakita, moved to Los Angeles, raised three children and jointly ran a successful cafe. Returned to Sacramento after the bombing of Pearl Harbor to be with family in 1942, until all persons of Japanese ancestry were removed from West Coast. Gave birth to a son while at Tule Lake concentration camp, California. After the war, returned to Los Angeles, and converted to Christianity. Remarried to Mr. Terasaki after first husband's death. At the time of the interview, Mrs. Terasaki resided in Los Angeles, making and repairing Japanese calligraphy scrolls.<p>(This interview was conducted in Japanese. It was translated so as to convey Mrs. Terasaki's way of speaking as closely as possible. For example, there are instances in which she makes some grammatical errors. These mistakes are conveyed through similar grammatical errors in English, in order to recreate Mrs. Terasaki's manner of speaking. Mrs. Terasaki spoke in the Fukuoka dialect.)","extent":"01:03:58","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-122","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":120,"namepart":"Tomiye Terasaki"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Ken Silverman"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Steve Hamada"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr010wd4q","namepart":"Sakita, Tomiye"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"July 3, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tomiye Terasaki narrator \nKen Silverman interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nSteve Hamada videographer Sakita, Tomiye 88922nr010wd4q","download_large":"denshovh-ttomiye-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"112","model":"narrator","index":"11 1161/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/112/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/112/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/blorraine.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/blorraine.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/112/interviews/"},"display_name":"Lorraine Bannai","bio":"Sansei female. Born 1955 in Los Angeles, California. Grew up in Gardena, California, surrounded by a large Japanese American community. Influenced by father's role in community and politics, and mother's emphasis on education. Attended University of California, Santa Barbara where she became increasingly aware of Japanese American history, issues of ethnic identity and racial inequality. Attended the University of San Francisco School of Law where she honed her commitment to political and social activism. Only a few years out of law school, she joined a team of lawyers working to reopen the Supreme Court's 1944 decision in Korematsu v. United States. Convicted of violating the exclusion order during World War II, Mr. Korematsu's case went all the way to the Supreme Court where the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans was upheld as constitutional, based on the government's argument of \"military necessity.\" Through a petition for writ of error coram nobis (establishing that the case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution), the legal team reopened the case, provided evidence that the factual underpinnings to the exclusion orders were fraudulent, and successfully had the Korematsu conviction vacated, as well as a handful of other similar convictions. In this interview, Ms. Bannai discusses the coram nobis legal team, the support for the effort among the Japanese American community, and personal lessons gained from being a part of this effort."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1021-1","model":"entity","index":"12 1162/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1021-1/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1021-1/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-1-1-mezzanine-c34c47b317-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-1-1-mezzanine-c34c47b317-a.jpg"},"title":"Kathy Yamaguchi Interview","description":"Kathy Yamaguchi (pseudonym) was born in 1948 as a Sansei daughter of a homemaker and a gardener, who had met in the incarceration camp in Topaz, Utah. Yamaguchi calls her father an \"assimilationist\" who mostly associated with non-Asians, and she feels that she, too, did not have a lot of Japanese American friends when she was growing up. When Yamaguchi began to pursue medical education at the University of California, San Francisco, in 1971, she realized how her lack of exposure to professional role models, as well as her experience of growing up in an extremely \"non-verbal\" family, made it a challenge for her to be in a decision-making position. She describes herself as being only \"around on the fringes\" of the Asian American activism in the 1970s. She joined the East Bay Socialist Doctors Group and the Physicians for Social Responsibility, and through members of these groups, she learned in the early 1980s about US survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki bombings. She was struck by their graciousness and gratefulness to physicians who offered the needed medical care. \"Given what they've gone through,\" Yamaguchi says, she felt it necessary to assist US hibakusha. She supports a single-payer health care system, and feels that US survivors are one of many groups that have been disadvantaged by the absence of such a system. Yamaguchi also enjoys working with Japanese physicians from Hiroshima who come biannually to conduct a health checkup for American hibakusha. She joined the Sansei Legacy Project beginning in 1990, which put her more in touch with her feelings about being raised by the parents who had been incarcerated during the war. She also made many more Japanese American friends through her participation in the group. At the time of the interview, Yamaguchi worked as a part-time physician in a public clinic serving the underserved patients in San Francisco's Japantown area.","extent":"1:14:46","links_children":"ddr-densho-1021-1","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":963,"namepart":"Kathy Yamaguchi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Naoko Wake"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"15-Jul-11","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kathy Yamaguchi narrator \nNaoko Wake interviewer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1021-1-1-mezzanine-c34c47b317-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-1-799","model":"entity","index":"13 1163/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-1-799/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-1-799/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-1/ddr-njpa-1-799-mezzanine-92c20cea29-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-1/ddr-njpa-1-799-mezzanine-92c20cea29-a.jpg"},"title":"Newspaper clippings","description":"Caption on reverse [translation]: \"Opposes Amendment of the Anti-Japanese Immigration Law. Congressman Kramer Claims Domestic Depression Allows No Leeway. Charles Kramer is currently staying in Hawaii because of his positions on the congressional committees on immigration and narcotics and is spending most of his time in activities related to those areas. Asked for his feelings on the issue of revision of the Anti-Immigration Act, a topic which has been raised in California, he was frank in his opposition, stating:\r\n\r\n'As you know, the debate over revising the Immigration Act has been rekindled, but given that there is a severe economic depression in the United States and large numbers of unemployed, it would be unwise to allow new immigrants to enter. As for the proposal to at least allow Japanese to enter the country in proportions equal to those from Europe, the Chinese, Indians, and other Asians would not be silent if we did so. So we have no choice but to maintain the current law of permitting Asians to come to the US for study and other reasons, but prohibit laborers from coming.'\r\n\r\nThe congressman also stated that Honolulu, like San Francisco and other coastal ports, was becoming a gateway for the smuggling of illegal drugs and that he was undertaking detailed studies of how to prevent that. (Photograph is of Kramer).\"","extent":"7.25W x 3.25H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-1-799","format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Kramer, Charles"}],"contributor":"Hawai'i Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"clipping","creation":"November 28, 1933","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kramer, Charles","download_large":"ddr-njpa-1-799-mezzanine-92c20cea29-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-36","model":"entity","index":"14 1164/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-36/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-36/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kminoru-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kminoru-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Minoru Kiyota Interview","description":"Kibei male, born October 12, 1923, in Seattle, Washington. Raised primarily in San Francisco, California, spending four years in Hiratsuka, Japan. Was incarcerated with his family at Topaz concentration camp, Utah. Refused to sign the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire,\" and as a consequence was moved to Tule Lake Segregation Center, California. In Tule, he renounced his U.S. citizenship in protest of the incarceration his treatment in camp, and the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire.\" Shortly thereafter he regretted his actions and attempted to rescind his decision. (It would be ten years before he would regain his citizenship.) After being released from Tule Lake in March 1946 he accepted a scholarship to College of the Ozarks, Arkansas, transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, and then served overseas in the U.S. Air Force Intelligence during the Korean War until his renunciation was discovered. After being dismissed from the air force he stayed in Japan, earning a master's and doctorate degree from Tokyo University. Published an autobiographical work in Japan entitled \"Nikkei hangyakuji,\" which was translated into English as \"Beyond Loyalty: The Story of a Kibei.\"<p>(This interview was conducted at the 1998 Tule Lake Pilgrimage held at Klamath Falls, Oregon and at the site of Tule Lake incarceration camp in California. Given the limited time available during this event, the length and breadth of this interview are shorter than other Densho interviews.)","extent":"01:04:25","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-36","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":43,"namepart":"Minoru Kiyota"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tracy Lai"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Steve Hamada"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0089q5w","namepart":"Kiyota, Minoru"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Klamath Falls, Oregon","creation":"July 3, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Minoru Kiyota narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nTracy Lai interviewer \nSteve Hamada videographer Kiyota, Minoru 88922nr0089q5w","download_large":"denshovh-kminoru-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-5-190","model":"entity","index":"15 1165/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-5-190/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-5-190/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-190-mezzanine-0cd2c9126d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-190-mezzanine-0cd2c9126d-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from Masao Okine to Mr. and Mrs. S. Okine, February 18, 1946 [in Japanese]","description":"A letter from Masao Okine to his parents, Seiichi and Tomeyo Okine, along with a note in English. He writes from Tokyo, Japan, where he is stationed as a Nisei soldier. The letter is mailed via San Francisco by the U.S. Postal Service. In the letter, Masao informs that he has been transferred from Sagamihara to Tokyo, Japan a month ago and received only three letters from his parents since then. He assumes that the arrival of other letters would be delayed because of his address change. He worries about his family in California and informs that he is going to visit Hiroshima to see the relatives and friends. He also encloses an English note stating that he needs 4 cartons of cigarettes and mixed candies to be shipped. He instructs his parents to bring the note to the U.S. Post Office when they ship the cigarettes and candies to Japan. He also describes his life in Japan: Tokyo is convenient and he made friends with the Japanese. He often visits a friend's place and is treated as if he is one of their family members. The arrival date of the letter, March 18, 1946, and the replied date, March 21, 1946, are recorded. Also the shipping fees, 25 cents, are recorded. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/13638\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oki_02_34_001</a>","extent":"3 pages, 9.75 x 6.75 inches handwritten; 1 sheet, 7.75 x 5 inches, handwritten; 1 envelope","links_children":"ddr-csujad-5-190","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Okine, Masao"}],"topics":[{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Military service -- Postwar occupation of Japan","id":"199"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"}],"format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"contributor":"CSU Dominguez Hills Department of Archives and Special Collections","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Tokyo, Japan","creation":"2/18/1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Okine, Masao author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-5-190-mezzanine-0cd2c9126d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-5-124","model":"entity","index":"16 1166/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-5-124/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-5-124/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-124-mezzanine-b720b81701-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-5/ddr-csujad-5-124-mezzanine-b720b81701-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter from Masao Okine to Mr. and Mrs. Okine, January 19, 1946 [in Japanese]","description":"A letter from Masao Okine to his parents, Seiichi and Tomeyo Okine in Hawthorne, California. This letter is written in Japan where Masao is stationed as a U.S. military soldier and mailed via San Francisco by the U.S. Army Postal Service. Masao describes his stay in Japan, being transferred from Sagamihara, Kanagawa, to Tokyo, possibly being transferred to the Tohoku area later. He resides in a building in Tokyo, which used to be a building for Nihon Yu??sen Kabushiki Kaisha [=Japan Mail Steamship Co.] and is located near the Tokyo Imperial Palace. He describes the living conditions in the building, such as a good room like a hotel, well functioning heating system, and good meals. He also writes about his efforts to locate their friends and relatives in Tokyo and Hiroshima. He locates his brother-in-law, Nobuyuki Tanimoto in Tokyo, who also stays in the same building. He learns about other relatives in Hiroshima from Nobuyuki, who has visited Hiroshima. Masao confirms that Tamasada and his family are safe but has not been able to confirm the safety of Jokichi Yamanaka or Naoji Okine in Hiroshima. The handwritten notes on the back of the envelope reads: Arrived on January 28, 1946, no. 2 [in Japanese]. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"http://cdm16855.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p16855coll4/id/6767\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">oki_01_52_001</a>","extent":"2 pages, 6 x 9 inches, handwritten; 1 envelope","links_children":"ddr-csujad-5-124","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Okine, Masao"}],"topics":[{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"Military service -- Postwar occupation of Japan","id":"199"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"}],"format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"contributor":"CSU Dominguez Hills Department of Archives and Special Collections","rights":"nocc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Tokyo, Japan","facility":[{"term":"Rohwer","id":"9"}],"creation":"1/19/1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Okine, Masao author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-5-124-mezzanine-b720b81701-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-113","model":"entity","index":"17 1167/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-113/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-113/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-blorraine-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-blorraine-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Lorraine Bannai Interview","description":"Sansei female. Born 1955 in Los Angeles, California. Grew up in Gardena, California, surrounded by a large Japanese American community. Influenced by father's role in community and politics, and mother's emphasis on education. Attended University of California, Santa Barbara where she became increasingly aware of Japanese American history, issues of ethnic identity and racial inequality. Attended the University of San Francisco School of Law where she honed her commitment to political and social activism. Only a few years out of law school, she joined a team of lawyers working to reopen the Supreme Court's 1944 decision in Korematsu v. United States. Convicted of violating the exclusion order during World War II, Mr. Korematsu's case went all the way to the Supreme Court where the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans was upheld as constitutional, based on the government's argument of \"military necessity.\" Through a petition for writ of error coram nobis (establishing that the case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution), the legal team reopened the case, provided evidence that the factual underpinnings to the exclusion orders were fraudulent, and successfully had the Korematsu conviction vacated, as well as a handful of other similar convictions. In this interview, Ms. Bannai discusses the coram nobis legal team, the support for the effort among the Japanese American community, and personal lessons gained from being a part of this effort.","extent":"04:11:39","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-113","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":112,"namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Margaret Chon"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai/Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"March 23 & 24, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lorraine Bannai narrator \nMargaret Chon interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai/Dana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-blorraine-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024-30","model":"entity","index":"18 1168/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024-30/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024-30/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-30-mezzanine-633fb83731-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-30-mezzanine-633fb83731-a.jpg"},"title":"Day of Remembrance","description":"Documentary film by Cynthia Gates Fujikawa consisting of highlights from 2003 Day of Remembrance  (DoR) commemorations in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles, Seattle, and Honolulu, all of which highlight the parallels between what happened to Japanese Americans in 1942 and what was then happening to Arab and Muslim Americans in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The film also includes brief interviews with some of the event organizers and excerpts from press conferences organized in reaction to remarks defending the roundup and imprisonment of Japanese Americans by North Carolina Congressman Howard Coble two weeks prior to the DoRs. Highlighted speakers include Hakim Oaunsafi, Muslim Association of Hawai'i; Nadine Hamoui, whose family in the Seattle area were imprisoned by the INS in 2002; Salam Al-Marayati, executive director of the Muslim Public Affairs Council; legal scholar Chris Iijima; Congressman Mike Honda  ; and civil rights attorney Dale Minami  .\r\n\r\nSee this item in the <a href=\"https://resourceguide.densho.org/\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Densho Resource Guide</a> at: <a href=\"https://resourceguide.densho.org/Day%20of%20Remembrance%20(film)/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Day of Remembrance</a>.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/digital-library-of-japanese-american-incarceration-films\" target=\"blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films</a> at: <a href=\"https://archive.org/details/ddr-densho-1024-30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow\">https://archive.org/details/ddr-densho-1024-30</a>.","extent":"00:15:40","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024-30","creators":[{"role":"filmmaker","namepart":"Fujikawa, Cynthia Gates"}],"topics":[{"term":"Reflections on the past -- Days of remembrance","id":"393"}],"format":"av","contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"motion_picture","creation":"2003","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fujikawa, Cynthia Gates filmmaker","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-30-mezzanine-633fb83731-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-19-2","model":"entity","index":"19 1169/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-19-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-19-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-19/ddr-csujad-19-2-mezzanine-dd31b1b5c3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-19/ddr-csujad-19-2-mezzanine-dd31b1b5c3-a.jpg"},"title":"Manzanar From Inside Out","description":"Text of address by Roy Nash, Director of the Manzanar War Relocation Project, given to the Commonwealth Club of California, San Francisco, on July 31, 1942 for the purpose of \"interpret[ing] the actuality of a War Relocation Center housing 10,000 evacuees\" in view of perceptions of mistreatment of incarcerees in California. Sections of the speech include Housing, with discussion of \"aliens and citizens,\" jobs and skills, health care, food, water, and sanitation; Education; Block Leaders; Law and Order; Military Police; What Freedom at Manzanar, describing incarcerees' rights to publish their own newspaper, to receive news and to send and receive mail, to worship (except for \"Shinyoism,\" which is \"barred\"), and to engage in community cooperatives; and Manzanar Rumors, in which Nash mentions reports of discontent and distress before stating that incarcerees' morale is generally excellent, as evidenced by displays of American pride and offers of military service. The document also includes a Statement, dated December 7, 1942, by the Negotiation Committee of the Incident of December 6, 1942, describing unrest at Manzanar (\"the determined protest of the 10,000 residents in this Center\"); a summary of the December 6 incident; a list of questions, with directions that answers be directed to block managers; and illustrations including a map showing the layout of the Manzanar incarceration camp and of Block 14 and architectural drawings of a barrack, an apartment, and the shower and washing facility. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: <a href=\"\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">WRA_02-05_01</a>","extent":"22 pages, typescript","links_children":"ddr-csujad-19-2","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Nash, Roy"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Administration -- War Relocation Authority (WRA)","id":"403"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Arts and literature","id":"172"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Conflicts, intimidation, and violence","id":"162"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Education","id":"73"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Facilities, services, and camp administration","id":"69"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Food","id":"68"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Medical care and health issues","id":"70"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications","id":"74"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Social and recreational activities","id":"195"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Religion","id":"75"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Sports","id":"72"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Work and jobs","id":"76"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Conflicts, intimidation, and violence -- Manzanar riot/uprising","id":"414"},{"term":"World War II -- Propaganda -- U.S. government propaganda","id":"170"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Northridge. University Library. Special Collections & Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Manzanar, California","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"5/5/1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nash, Roy author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-19-2-mezzanine-dd31b1b5c3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-1","model":"entity","index":"20 1170/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-1/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-1/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-kfred-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-kfred-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Fred Korematsu Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born January 30, 1919, in Oakland, California. Mr. Korematsu was working as a welder in San Francisco when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. After Executive Order 9066 was issued in 1942, he decided to resist the evacuation orders, and was not removed with his family. He was arrested in May of 1942, taken to jail, and eventually transferred to the Tanforan Assembly Center, California, where his family was being held. He legally challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, and his case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the order in 1944. Following World War II, Mr. Korematsu moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he married and raised a family before returning to California. In the early 1980s, his case was reopened after the discovery of a crucial document indicating that in the original 1944 case, the federal government had lied to the high court. The conviction was vacated by U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel in 1983, and in 1998, Mr. Korematsu was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.<p>(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film <i>Unfinished Business</i>.</p><p>This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"01:13:52","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-1","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":205,"namepart":"Fred Korematsu"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr008bb3x","namepart":"Korematsu, Fred Toyosaburo"}],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"November 15, 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fred Korematsu narrator Korematsu, Fred Toyosaburo 88922nr008bb3x","download_large":"denshovh-kfred-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"965","model":"narrator","index":"21 1171/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/965/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/965/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/965/interviews/"},"display_name":"Keiko Shinmoto","bio":"Keiko Shinmoto's father migrated from Hiroshima to Portland, Oregon, where his brother was an owner of a grocery store. After returning to Hiroshima to see his ailing father, Keiko's father found it impossible to return to America as his mother hid his passport to keep him in Japan. Shortly, Keiko's mother joined him in Hiroshima, also her hometown. Unlike her eight older siblings, then, Keiko was born in Japan, in 1936. She recalls the challenge of being sent to the countryside at the age of eight as part of shudan sokai, a wartime program for children aiming to protect the youth from fire bombings in cities. The food shortage and black market called yamiichi that flourished after the war, too, left Keiko a strong impression. She is a nyushi survivor, as she was exposed to radiation by walking through the city of Hiroshima three days after the bombing. She lost one of her older sisters to the bomb. She came to the United States in 1960 with a help of her US-born brother, by then living in Los Angeles. She relearned English from her father who was also back in the United States and in the area at that time. Keiko attended a technical college to study design while working as a \"schoolgirl\" and worked briefly in Beverly Hills as a dressmaker before she married Nisei from Stockton. A former prisoner of the Gila River War Relocation Center, he worked as a mechanic at Chevrolet after the war and became an owner of a car repair shop. Keiko helped the shop's book keeping, while she also raised two children and worked at a grocery store in order to pay for her health insurance. At the time of the interview, Keiko had just joined a biannual medical checkup conducted by Hiroshima physicians in San Francisco for the first time because of the encouragement by another US survivor. After her husband passed away in 1998, she has been enjoying talking with her children, going to a Buddhist church in Stockton, and keeping in touch with her Nisei friends."},{"id":"ddr-densho-329-843","model":"entity","index":"22 1172/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-329-843/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-329-843/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-329/ddr-densho-329-843-mezzanine-e0090745d0-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-329/ddr-densho-329-843-mezzanine-e0090745d0-a.jpg"},"title":"Domoto Family induction program","description":"Program from the award presentation and induction of the Domoto family into the California Floriculture Hall of Fame, presented by the Kee Kitayama Research Foundation and the California Ornamental Research Foundation. Program includes a schedule of events, a two-page history of the Domoto family's nursery and its impact on the floriculture industry, and credits to event organizers and sponsors. Features two photos of the Domoto family circa 1920s.","extent":"5.5W x 8.5H; 11W x 8.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-329-843","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Kee Kitayama Research Foundation"},{"role":"author","namepart":"California Ornamental Research Foundation"}],"topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Flower growers","id":"346"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"California Flower Growers Association"},{"namepart":"California Flower Market"},{"namepart":"Kee Kitayama Research Foundation"},{"namepart":"California Ornamental Research Federation"},{"namepart":"San Francisco Flower Growers Association"},{"namepart":"California Cut Flower Commission"},{"namepart":"International farmers Aid Association"},{"namepart":"First National Bank"},{"namepart":"Glad-A-Way Gardens"},{"namepart":"Bay City Flower Company"},{"namepart":"University of California"},{"namepart":"Fox Point Plant Growers, Sea Coast Greenhouses"},{"namepart":"Pajaro Valley Greenhouses"},{"namepart":"Sunshine Floral"},{"nr_id":"88922/nr015zj7d","namepart":"Domoto, Motonoshin"},{"namepart":"Domoto, Takanoshin"},{"namepart":"Domoto, Mitsunoshin"},{"namepart":"Canine, Neil"},{"namepart":"Higaki, Harrison"},{"namepart":"King, Ann"},{"namepart":"Kitayama, Ted"},{"namepart":"Neuendorff, Hardy"},{"namepart":"Pruitt, David"},{"namepart":"Siri, Steve"},{"namepart":"Thirup, Arne"},{"namepart":"Vollering, Anthony"},{"namepart":"Otsuka, Bob"},{"namepart":"Stagnaro, Angelo, Jr."},{"namepart":"Golden, Mary"},{"namepart":"Wills, Janice"},{"namepart":"van Rems, Rene"},{"namepart":"Enomoto, Ron"},{"namepart":"Piazza, Ieno, Jr., Kitayama, Tom"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"program","location":"San Jose, California","creation":"December 3, 1997","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kee Kitayama Research Foundation author \nCalifornia Ornamental Research Foundation author California Flower Growers Association \nCalifornia Flower Market \nKee Kitayama Research Foundation \nCalifornia Ornamental Research Federation \nSan Francisco Flower Growers Association \nCalifornia Cut Flower Commission \nInternational farmers Aid Association \nFirst National Bank \nGlad-A-Way Gardens \nBay City Flower Company \nUniversity of California \nFox Point Plant Growers, Sea Coast Greenhouses \nPajaro Valley Greenhouses \nSunshine Floral \nDomoto, Motonoshin 88922nr015zj7d\nDomoto, Takanoshin \nDomoto, Mitsunoshin \nCanine, Neil \nHigaki, Harrison \nKing, Ann \nKitayama, Ted \nNeuendorff, Hardy \nPruitt, David \nSiri, Steve \nThirup, Arne \nVollering, Anthony \nOtsuka, Bob \nStagnaro, Angelo, Jr. \nGolden, Mary \nWills, Janice \nvan Rems, Rene \nEnomoto, Ron \nPiazza, Ieno, Jr., Kitayama, Tom","download_large":"ddr-densho-329-843-mezzanine-e0090745d0-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1012-14","model":"entity","index":"23 1173/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1012-14/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1012-14/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1012/denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Lorraine Bannai Interview","description":"Sansei female. Born 1955 in Los Angeles, CA. Grew up in Gardena, CA, surrounded by a large Japanese American community. Influenced by father's role in community and politics, and mother's emphasis on education. Attended University of California, Santa Barbara where she became increasingly aware of Japanese American history, issues of ethnic identity and racial inequality. Attended the University of San Francisco School of Law where she honed her commitment to political and social activism. Only a few years out of law school, she joined a team of lawyers working to reopen the Supreme Court's 1944 decision in <i>Korematsu v. United States</i>. Convicted of violating the exclusion order during World War II, Mr. Korematsu's case went all the way to the Supreme Court where the exclusion and incarceration of Japanese Americans was upheld as constitutional, based on the government's argument of \"military necessity.\" Through a petition for writ of error <i>coram nobis</i> (establishing that the case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution), the legal team reopened the case, provided evidence that the factual underpinnings to the exclusion orders were fraudulent, and successfully had the <i>Korematsu</i> conviction vacated, as well as a handful of other similar convictions. In this interview, Ms. Bannai discusses the <i>coram nobis</i> legal team, the support for the effort among the Japanese American community, and personal lessons gained from being a part of this effort.<p>(This interview is audio-only. It contains raw footage used by Steven Okazaki in his 1985 film <i>Unfinished Business</i>. </p><p> This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"00:08:03","links_children":"ddr-densho-1012-14","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":112,"namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Steven Okazaki","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Francisco, California","creation":"October 1983","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lorraine Bannai narrator","download_large":"denshovh-blorraine-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1021-3","model":"entity","index":"24 1174/{'value': 1182, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1021-3/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1021-3/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg"},"title":"Keiko Shinmoto Interview","description":"Keiko Shinmoto's father migrated from Hiroshima to Portland, Oregon, where his brother was an owner of a grocery store. After returning to Hiroshima to see his ailing father, Keiko's father found it impossible to return to America as his mother hid his passport to keep him in Japan. Shortly, Keiko's mother joined him in Hiroshima, also her hometown. Unlike her eight older siblings, then, Keiko was born in Japan, in 1936. She recalls the challenge of being sent to the countryside at the age of eight as part of shudan sokai, a wartime program for children aiming to protect the youth from fire bombings in cities. The food shortage and black market called yamiichi that flourished after the war, too, left Keiko a strong impression. She is a nyushi survivor, as she was exposed to radiation by walking through the city of Hiroshima three days after the bombing. She lost one of her older sisters to the bomb. She came to the United States in 1960 with a help of her US-born brother, by then living in Los Angeles. She relearned English from her father who was also back in the United States and in the area at that time. Keiko attended a technical college to study design while working as a \"schoolgirl\" and worked briefly in Beverly Hills as a dressmaker before she married Nisei from Stockton. A former prisoner of the Gila River War Relocation Center, he worked as a mechanic at Chevrolet after the war and became an owner of a car repair shop. Keiko helped the shop's book keeping, while she also raised two children and worked at a grocery store in order to pay for her health insurance. At the time of the interview, Keiko had just joined a biannual medical checkup conducted by Hiroshima physicians in San Francisco for the first time because of the encouragement by another US survivor. After her husband passed away in 1998, she has been enjoying talking with her children, going to a Buddhist church in Stockton, and keeping in touch with her Nisei friends.","extent":"1:38:22","links_children":"ddr-densho-1021-3","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":965,"namepart":"Keiko Shinmoto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Naoko Wake"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Stockton, California","creation":"25-Jul-11","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Keiko Shinmoto narrator \nNaoko Wake interviewer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"San Francisco","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}