{"total":6909,"limit":25,"offset":6775,"prev_offset":6750,"next_offset":6800,"page_size":25,"this_page":272,"num_this_page":25,"prev_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=Nisei&limit=25&offset=6750","next_api":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/search/?fulltext=Nisei&limit=25&offset=6800","objects":[{"id":"549","model":"narrator","index":"0 6775/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/549/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/549/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mhelene.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mhelene.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/549/interviews/"},"display_name":"Helene J. Minehira","bio":"Nisei female. Born April 30, 1925, in Waipahu, Hawaii. Just before World War II, moved with family to the Ewa Beach area of Oahu, near Pearl Harbor. Witnessed the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Because of proximity to the harbor, family was forced to evacuate their home in Ewa Beach and had to live temporarily in a Japanese language school before moving to another home. Years later, worked to obtain redress for Japanese Hawaiians who lost their homes during the war."},{"id":"609","model":"narrator","index":"1 6776/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/609/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/609/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kfrank_4.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kfrank_4.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/609/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank S. Kawana","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 29, 1933, in Graham, Washington. Moved with family at an early age to Los Angeles, California, where father owned and operated a kamaboko business. During World War II, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Rohwer concentration camp, Arkansas. After leaving camp, lived briefly with family in a trailer camp before returning to Los Angeles. Served in the Korean War. After military service, established a successful business, becoming the first to introduce surimi into the U.S. seafood market."},{"id":"651","model":"narrator","index":"2 6777/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/651/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/651/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/asam.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/asam.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/651/interviews/"},"display_name":"Sam Araki","bio":"Nisei male. Born July 12, 1931, in Saratoga, California. Grew up in Saratoga, where father worked as a gardener on a large estate. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father moved the family inland to Reedley in an attempt to avoid mass removal. Eventually removed to Poston concentration camp, Arizona. After leaving camp, returned to California and graduated from Stanford University with a master's in mechanical engineer. Went on to establish a prestigous career in the aerospace industry, becoming president of Lockheed Martin Missiles & Space."},{"id":"654","model":"narrator","index":"3 6778/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/654/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/654/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tkiwamu.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tkiwamu.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/654/interviews/"},"display_name":"Kiwamu \"Kiyo\" Tsuchida","bio":"Nisei male. Born February 2, 1923, in Auburn, Washington. Grew up in Auburn, where father worked for the Great Northern Railroad and the family also ran a farm. During World War II, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, Oregon. Family then transferred to the Topaz concentration camp, Utah. Kiwamu left camp for Ogden, Utah, then volunteered for the Military Intelligence Service. Served in the Philippines, then as a liasion to General MacArthur and his family in Japan during the U.S. occupation."},{"id":"745","model":"narrator","index":"4 6779/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/745/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/745/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/omas_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/omas_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/745/interviews/"},"display_name":"Mas Okabe","bio":"Nisei male. Born December 2, 1929, in Sacramento, California. Grew up in Sacramento, where parents operated a restaurant. During World War II, removed to the Merced Assembly Center, California, and the Granada (Amache) concentration camp, Colorado. Transferred to the Crystal City internment camp, Texas, in 1945, then went to Japan with family. Lived in Japan for a time before returning to the U.S. to finish school. Served with the U.S. Navy during the Korean War. Eventually moved to San Jose, California, and became a dentist."},{"id":"763","model":"narrator","index":"5 6780/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/763/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/763/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/oetsuko.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/oetsuko.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/763/interviews/"},"display_name":"Etsuko Ichikawa Osaki","bio":"Nisei female. Born February 19, 1931, in Fresno, California. Family moved to Seattle, Washington, where father became minister of the Seattle Buddhist Temple. During the war, removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Transferred to the Crystal City internment camp, Texas, to be reunited with father, who was arrested by the FBI after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. After the war, returned to Seattle, where parents reestablished the Buddhist temple. Etsuko and her family eventually moved to Portland, Oregon."},{"id":"785","model":"narrator","index":"6 6781/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/785/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/785/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ngiro.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ngiro.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/785/interviews/"},"display_name":"Giro Nakagawa","bio":"Nisei male. Born March 13, 1921, in Seattle, Washington. Grew up in Kent, Washington, where parents ran a farm. In the 1930s, moved to South Bend, Washington, to work for the New Washington Oyster Company. During World War II, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and soon left to work on farms in Utah for the Amalgamated Sugar Company. Drafted into the military and served with the Counterintelligence Corps in Japan during the U.S. occupation. After returning home, reestablished the oyster farm in South Bend."},{"id":"832","model":"narrator","index":"7 6782/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/832/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/832/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mspark.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mspark.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/832/interviews/"},"display_name":"Spark M. Matsunaga","bio":"Nisei male. Born October 9, 1916, in Kukui'ula, Kauai'i, Hawaii. During World War II, served as an original member of the 100th Infantry Battalion, later the 1st Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat team, and also with the Military Intelligence Service. In 1954, was elected to the Hawai'i Territorial Legislature. He was later elected to Congress, where he served six terms, then was elected to the Senate in 1976. Spark Matsunaga also helped in the passage of the redress bill into law on August 19, 1988."},{"id":"901","model":"narrator","index":"8 6783/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/901/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/901/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-453_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-453_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/901/interviews/"},"display_name":"June Yasuno Aochi (Yamashiro) Berk","bio":"Nisei female. Born October 17, 1932, in Los Angeles, California. Grew up in Los Angeles, and was involved at an early age with traditional Japanese dancing and stage performance. During World War II, removed with family to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Rohwer concentration camp, Arkansas. After leaving camp, family resettled in Denver, Colorado, for ten years before returning to California. After the war, pursued a career as a model and actor for a time, then got involved in numerous Japanese American community groups."},{"id":"950","model":"narrator","index":"9 6784/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/950/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/950/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-chi-1-6_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-chi-1-6_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/950/interviews/"},"display_name":"Junko Mizuta","bio":"Nisei female. Born 1925 in Portland, Oregon. Grew up in Portland, where parents ran a laundry business and managed an apartment house. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was arrested by the FBI, and the rest of the family was removed to the Portland Assembly Center, Oregon. While at the assembly center, Junko, a teenager, witnessed firsthand the shooting of a Japanese American cook by a camp guard. After leaving camp, went to school for a time in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, before moving to Chicago, Illinois."},{"id":"987","model":"narrator","index":"10 6785/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/987/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/987/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-497_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-497_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/987/interviews/"},"display_name":"Makoto Otsu","bio":"Nisei male. Born March 26, 1926, in Steveston, British Columbia, Canada. Grew up in Steveston, where father fished for a cannery. During World War II, the family was forced to leave Steveston and moved to the abandoned Minto Mine site in the Bridge River Valley of British Columbia. After staying for a few years, Makoto moved to Winnipeg, Canada, to attend school, and got a job at an aircraft company in Toronto. In the 1950s, took a job with Boeing and moved to Seattle, Washington."},{"id":"1082","model":"narrator","index":"11 6786/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/1082/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1082/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-543_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-543_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1082/interviews/"},"bio":"Nisei male. Born February 16, 1934, in Anaheim, California. Grew up in Selma, California, where parents ran a restaurant. During World War II, removed to the Gila River concentration camp, Arizona. Family returned to the Selma area after leaving camp. Mr. Ogata attended California State University Fresno and served in the army. Became a high school art teacher and also a studio artist, focusing on painting and ceramics. During the redress movement, received a commission from the JACL to make ceramic plates for select U.S. congresspeople.","display_name":"","title":""},{"id":"144","model":"narrator","index":"12 6787/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/144/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/144/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ojimmie.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ojimmie.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/144/interviews/"},"display_name":"James Omura","bio":"Nisei male. Born November 27, 1912, on Bainbridge Island, Washington. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, moved to Denver and took a job as English Editor of a Japanese American vernacular newspaper, the Rocky Shimpo. As editor, wrote about and supported the Fair Play Committee in Heart Mountain concentration camp. Was charged and tried for conspiracy to counsel draft evasion, and was acquitted on the grounds of the First Amendment and freedom of the press. Mr. Omura was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Asian American Journalists Association."},{"id":"150","model":"narrator","index":"13 6788/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/150/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/150/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sbetty.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sbetty.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/150/interviews/"},"display_name":"Betty Morita Shibayama","bio":"Nisei female. Born May 30, 1933, in Hood River, Oregon. Raised in the Hood River valley on family farm. After December 7, 1941, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and then to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. In 1943, moved with family to the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, before leaving camp for Chicago, Illinois, after the war. Married Art Shibayama, a Japanese Peruvian, and raised a family in Chicago, Illinois and San Jose, California. Involved in lobbying congresspeople in Washington, D.C., on behalf of Japanese Latin Americans and their fight for redress."},{"id":"156","model":"narrator","index":"14 6789/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/156/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/156/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kgloria.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kgloria.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/156/interviews/"},"display_name":"Gloria Kubota","bio":"Nisei female. Born June 6, 1916, in Santa Clara County, California. Raised in Santa Clara, and met and married Issei Guntaro Kubota, one of the leaders of the Heart Mountain Fair Play Committee. During World War II, incarcerated at Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming, along with daughter. Gave birth to a son in camp. Husband Guntaro Kubota was arrested for conspiracy to counsel draft evasion, and served time at Leavenworth Federal penitentiary in Kansas. Eventually Guntaro's conviction was thrown out, and the family moved back to Los Gatos, California."},{"id":"174","model":"narrator","index":"15 6790/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/174/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/174/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/helaine.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/helaine.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/174/interviews/"},"display_name":"Elaine Ishikawa Hayes","bio":"Nisei female. Born June 30, 1923, in Willows, California. Grew up in Sacramento, California, prior to World War II. During the war, was removed to the Sacramento Assembly Center, California, and the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Left camp to attend college in Wisconsin, and later moved to Chicago, Illinois. Post-World War II, was active in many civic organizations such as the American Council on Race Relations. Later moved to Seattle, Washington, and worked for CAMP, the Central Area Motivation Program, the Model Cities program, and Public Health."},{"id":"194","model":"narrator","index":"16 6791/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/194/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/194/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yjames.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/yjames.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/194/interviews/"},"display_name":"James Yamazaki","bio":"Nisei male. Born July 6, 1916. Grew up in the Los Angeles area, where father was a Buddhist minister. Attended medical school before World War II. During the war, served in the U.S. Army as a doctor with the 106th Infantry Division in Europe. Captured during the Battle of the Bulge and was held in several prisoner of war camps in Germany. After returning to the U.S., worked as a pediatrician for a time before moving to Japan to study the effects of the atomic bombings on children in Hiroshima and Nagasaki."},{"id":"212","model":"narrator","index":"17 6792/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/212/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/212/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/amas.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/amas.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/212/interviews/"},"display_name":"Mas Akiyama","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 19, 1917, in Eastport, Idaho, and spent childhood in Spokane, Washington. In 1933 traveled to Japan with family where father became ill and died. Attended school in Japan for three years and then returned to Spokane in 1936 and worked on a farm. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, volunteered for military service but failed the medical examination. During the war, took brief trips to Manzanar concentration camp, California, a camp in Arkansas, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. After the war worked as a painter of large signs in Spokane."},{"id":"215","model":"narrator","index":"18 6793/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/215/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/215/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfred.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/sfred.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/215/interviews/"},"display_name":"Fred Shiosaki","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 23, 1924 in the area of Spokane, Washington, known as Hillyard. Grew up in a multi-ethnic Hillyard area where his parents owned the Hillyard Laundry. When World War II began, was a senior at Rogers High School. Went on to attend Gonzaga University and then volunteered for military service, joining the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, a segregated U.S. Army unit consisting of Japanese Americans. Mr. Shiosaki fought in Europe, then returned to Spokane where he finished his degree at Gonzaga, and started his career and family."},{"id":"220","model":"narrator","index":"19 6794/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/220/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/220/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/eseiko.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/eseiko.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/220/interviews/"},"display_name":"Seiko Edamatsu","bio":"Nisei female. Born July 18, 1919, in Seattle, Washington. Spent childhood in Seattle's Nihonmachi (Japantown) where parents ran the U.S. Hotel. Attended Bailey Gatzert Grade School and Washington Junior High School before moving to North Seattle with older siblings to operate a produce stand. Graduated from Roosevelt High School in 1937 and worked as a waitress at the Tokyo Cafe until 1941. Moved to Spokane, Washington, as part of the \"voluntary evacuation\" period in March 1942. Married husband Ed Edamatsu in 1944 and worked as a domestic until retirement."},{"id":"221","model":"narrator","index":"20 6795/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/221/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/221/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ted.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ted.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/221/interviews/"},"display_name":"Ed Tsutakawa","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 15, 1921, in Seattle, Washington. Spent much of childhood in Japan, returning to the U.S. at the age of fifteen. Began attending the University of Washington before being removed to Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Created a series of art pieces depicting camp life. Moved to Spokane, Washington, after leaving Minidoka, and established Litho-Art Printers Inc. in 1954. Active in the sister-city program between Spokane and Nishinomiya, Japan. Helped establish a branch campus of the Mukogawa Women's University in Spokane."},{"id":"323","model":"narrator","index":"21 6796/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/323/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/323/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/fgeorge_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/fgeorge_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/323/interviews/"},"display_name":"George Fujimoto","bio":"Nisei male. Born January 13, 1920 in Colusa, California. Raised in Ault, Colorado, where family operated produce and sugar beet farm. Assumed responsibility for farm at age 15 when father suffered debilitating accident. Drafted into Army in 1942. After basic training in Camp Robinson, Arkansas, transferred to Fort Riley, Kansas. Attended second basic training in Camp Shelby, Mississippi, when President Roosevelt activated the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Severely injured while guarding German POWs in Alabama. After war, moved to South Texas and operated several farms before opening a bowling alley."},{"id":"372","model":"narrator","index":"22 6797/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/372/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/372/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/isatoru.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/isatoru.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/372/interviews/"},"display_name":"Satoru Ichikawa","bio":"Nisei male. Born November 2, 1929, in Fresno, California. Moved with family at a young age to Seattle, Washington, where father was the minister of the Seattle Buddhist Temple. Father was arrested by the FBI following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and removed to various Department of Justice internment camps. The rest of the family was removed to Puyallup Assembly Center and Minidoka concentration camp, Washington, eventually reuniting with father in Crystal City internment camp, Texas. Returned to Seattle following the war where family reestablished the Buddhist temple."},{"id":"387","model":"narrator","index":"23 6798/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/387/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/387/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/otoshikazu.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/otoshikazu.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/387/interviews/"},"display_name":"Toshikazu \"Tosh\" Okamoto","bio":"Nisei male. Born October 8, 1926, in Seattle, Washington. Grew up in Renton, Washington, where father operated a farm. During World War II, was removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Briefly transferred to the Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Drafted into the army and served in Italy as a replacement troop for the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. Following the war, became a mechanic in the motorpool for the Seattle Fire Department. Instrumental in establishing community service organizations such as Issei Concerns and Keiro nursing home in Seattle."},{"id":"400","model":"narrator","index":"24 6799/{'value': 6909, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/400/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/400/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/myoshimi.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/myoshimi.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/400/interviews/"},"display_name":"Yoshimi Matsuura","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 3, 1918, in Fowler, California. Grew up in Fowler, eventually running family's farm prior to World War II. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, married and was removed to the Gila River concentration camp, Arizona. Left camp for Minneapolis, Minnesota, to join the National Youth Administration (NYA) for training. Upon arrival, was informed that the Japanese Americans' enrollment in the program had been terminated. Drafted into military service and served with the Military Intelligence Service in the Philippines and Japan. Returned and settled permanently in Minneapolis."}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"Nisei","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}