(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:07:48","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-283","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":486,"namepart":"Susumu Oshima"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Kona, Hawaii","creation":"June 9, 2010","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Susumu Oshima narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-osusumu-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-118","model":"entity","index":"1 5801/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-118/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-118/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kmarian-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kmarian-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Marian Asao Kurosu Interview","description":"Issei female. Born March 10, 1907, in Fukui prefecture, Japan. Graduated from Jinai Girls School. After grandfather's death, came to Seattle, Washington in 1924 to join father and uncle, working in family-run agricultural greenhouse. Arranged marriage to Mr. Roy Naoe Kurosu, an Issei working in Tacoma sawmills. Started new greenhouse in Sunnydale, Washington until all people of Japanese ancestry were removed from the West Coast in 1942. Returned to work in Sunnydale greenhouse until retirement at age 74. In 1954, gained U.S. citizenship along with husband, adopting first name \"Marian.\" Mother of seven children, including a son born while at Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. At the time of the interview, Mrs. Kurosu resided at her home in Seattle, Washington.
(During this interview, Mrs. Kurosu alternately speaks in both English and Japanese. As a result, the English translation of the transcript contains [Jpn.] and [Eng.], which indicate whether the original dialogue was spoken in Japanese or English.)","extent":"04:38:11","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-118","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":116,"namepart":"Marian Asao Kurosu"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tomoyo Yamada"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr008xt3n","namepart":"Kurosu, Lucy Asao"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"June 23 & 24, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Marian Asao Kurosu narrator \nTomoyo Yamada interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer Kurosu, Lucy Asao 88922nr008xt3n","download_large":"denshovh-kmarian-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-363","model":"entity","index":"2 5802/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-363/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-363/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-iart_2-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-iart_2-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Art Ishida Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born June 2, 1921, in Fresno, California. Grew up in the Gardena area of Los Angeles, California, before moving to Japan with parents in 1929 and returning to California in the 1930s. During World War II, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas. Gave a qualified answer on the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire and was transferred to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Moved briefly to the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, before being released from camp and living in Chicago, Illinois. Drafted into the military and served in Korea as an interpreter for the Military Intelligence Service. Eventually returned to California.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:43:02","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-363","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":594,"namepart":"Art Ishida"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Martha Nakagawa"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Tani Ikeda"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr014dm7c","namepart":"Ishida, Atsushi"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"August 24, 2011","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Art Ishida narrator \nMartha Nakagawa interviewer \nTani Ikeda videographer Ishida, Atsushi 88922nr014dm7c","download_large":"denshovh-iart_2-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-55-2528","model":"entity","index":"3 5803/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-55-2528/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-55-2528/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-2528-mezzanine-34735684fd-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-55/ddr-csujad-55-2528-mezzanine-34735684fd-a.jpg"},"title":"Evacuation","description":"Booklet containing an illustrated commentary on forced evacuation and incarceration, newspaper clippings, and an essay, \"My viewpoint on evacuation.\" Clippings include \"Capt. Crowley tells of heroism of Nisei soldiers,\" \"Shop workers refuse Nisei on the job,\" \"Pfc. Yamamoto awarded medal for gallantry,\" \"Nisei serving armed forces in Japan,\" \"Private Naito's letter to the VFW,\" \"Two Heart Mountain GI's show outstanding valor in battle,\" \"Eligibility determination, early issuance of grants will be made at centers,\" \"Social Welfare,\" \"Evacuee grateful to WRA and other agencies,\" \"The Nisei come home,\" \"Heart Mtn. special passenger picks up threads of past life to start again,\" \"California group will form to combat racial prejudice,\" \"Nisei sergeant disappointed in friend who renounced American citizenship,\" and \"6000 Nisei face deportation soon.\" See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: sac_jaac_2635","extent":"27 pages, 11 x 8.5 inches","links_children":"ddr-csujad-55-2528","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service","id":"88"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Arts and literature","id":"172"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Visual arts -- Drawing","id":"262"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"California State University, Sacramento, Department of Special Collections and University Archives","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","facility":[{"term":"Tule Lake","id":"10"}],"creation":"circa 1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-csujad-55-2528-mezzanine-34735684fd-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-96-659","model":"entity","index":"4 5804/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-96-659/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-96-659/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-96/ddr-densho-96-659-mezzanine-a378f91c1f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-96/ddr-densho-96-659-mezzanine-a378f91c1f-a.jpg"},"title":"Japanese American Courier Vol. 13, No. 624 (January 1, 1940)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Citizenship Urged for Young People\" (p. 1), \"War Even in Our Own Boarders, Declares Seattle Council Women\" (p. 2), \"High Hope Held for Young Folk, Consul-General Satow Declares\" (p. 3), \"We Still Want Peace\" (p. 4), \"Better Cultural Relations\" (p. 5); \"Foreign Trade means High Rank In Civilization, Says Exporter\" (p. 6); \"Young People of Vision Big Need, Declares Pastor\" (p. 7); \"Democracy means Peace, Equality For All; Will Battle For Justice\" (p. 8); JACL Expanded Widely in 1939, Says National Head Tsukamoto\" (p. 9); \"Important Work For Youth Shown By Takeo Nogaki\" (p. 16); \"Tolerance And Education Will Do Much For Aiding Democracy\" (p. 16); \"Toshi Sees Good Farming Outlook For Young Folks\" (p. 16); \"Soil Only Base of Civilization Declare Oles, Association Head\" (p. 17); \"Japan Launching 1940 To Honor 2600th Year of the Empire\" (p. 17); \"Only Pressure Groups Succeed In World Defying Individuals\" (p. 18)","extent":"18W x 24H","links_children":"ddr-densho-96-659","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Japanese American Courier"},{"role":"editor","nr_id":"88922/nr005zs57","namepart":"Sakamoto, James Yoshinori"}],"topics":[{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications","id":"26"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Activism and involvement","id":"120"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"Identity and values","id":"42"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Timber","id":"9"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Kibei","id":"45"},{"term":"World War II","id":"399"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Literary arts -- Essays","id":"240"},{"term":"Community activities -- Sports","id":"24"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Farming","id":"345"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Aviation","id":"438"},{"term":"Japan","id":"108"},{"term":"Community activities -- Festivals, celebrations, and holidays","id":"25"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Japanese American Courier"},{"nr_id":"88922/nr005zs57","namepart":"Sakamoto, James Yoshinori"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"January 1, 1940","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Courier publisher \nSakamoto, James Yoshinori editor 88922nr005zs57Japanese American Courier \nSakamoto, James Yoshinori 88922nr005zs57","download_large":"ddr-densho-96-659-mezzanine-a378f91c1f-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1007-1776","model":"entity","index":"5 5805/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1776/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1007-1776/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1776-mezzanine-c99b761d1b-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1776-mezzanine-c99b761d1b-a.jpg"},"title":"Interview with Don Oka, Steve Yagi, and Shigeo Ito, part 8 of 8; interview with Nobuo Yamashita, part 1 of 5","description":"Oka is on the left, Yagi in the center, and Ito on the right. Oka discusses his recovery from tuberculosis, entering and winning a cartoon contest, going to art school after recovery, starting to work in advertising, returning to cartooning after retirement, and serving in JICPOA, and working with white officers. Yagi discusses working in the post office. Interview starts at 0:22; tape includes several reaction shots. At 11:35, interview with Nobuo Yamashita starts. Yamashita discusses being born in LA, going to Japan as a young child, attending school in LA, his family's produce business, the start of the war, evacuation to Manzanar, laying linoleum at camp, working on sugar beet farms in Montana, and volunteering for the MIS language school. Loni Ding can be heard asking questions behind the camera. Original title: II LA #54, 7-26-85, Oka, Yagi, Ito VIII. Yamashita nterview continues at ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1777/","extent":"00:20:12","links_children":"ddr-densho-1007-1776","creators":[{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Ding, Loni"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Yamashita, Nobuo"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Oka, Don"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Yagi, Steve"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Ito, Shigeo"}],"topics":[{"term":"Arts and literature -- Performing arts -- Film -- Documentaries","id":"251"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Visual arts","id":"180"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Discrimination","id":"37"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Los Angeles","id":"272"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Work leave -- Temporary agricultural work leave","id":"419"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Farming","id":"345"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Oka, Don"},{"namepart":"Yagi, Steve"},{"namepart":"Ito, Shigeo"},{"namepart":"Yamashita, Nobuo"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"July 26, 1985","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ding, Loni interviewer \nYamashita, Nobuo interviewee \nOka, Don interviewee \nYagi, Steve interviewee \nIto, Shigeo interviewee Oka, Don \nYagi, Steve \nIto, Shigeo \nYamashita, Nobuo","download_large":"ddr-densho-1007-1776-mezzanine-c99b761d1b-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1007-1806","model":"entity","index":"6 5806/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1806/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1007-1806/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1806-mezzanine-66339c0828-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1007/ddr-densho-1007-1806-mezzanine-66339c0828-a.jpg"},"title":"Interview with Gary and Grace Itano, part 2 of 6","description":"Grace discusses working with her husband-to-be before the war, her husband asking for a divorce (knowing that he would be imprisoned for refusing to serve), her husband Henry's reasons for refusing to serve, her husband's family preventing him from going to college, trying and failing to live outside of camp in Arizona, evacuation and closing her sister's grocery store, being born in Seattle, spending time in Japan as a child, returning to Seattle at age 16, moving to Los Angeles, having four children, and telling her children about her husband's experiences during the war. Gary discusses learning about his father's life during the war and his role in the DB Boys. Interview starts at 0:59. Loni Ding can be heard asking questions behind the camera. Original title: II RES/PRO #17, UCLA Grace Itano, Gary Itano, 6/1/86, Roll 17. Interview continues at ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1007-1807/","extent":"00:22:32","links_children":"ddr-densho-1007-1806","creators":[{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Ding, Loni"},{"role":"Interviewee","namepart":"Itano, Gary"},{"role":"interviewee","namepart":"Itano, Grace"}],"topics":[{"term":"Arts and literature -- Performing arts -- Film -- Documentaries","id":"251"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service","id":"88"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Draft resistance","id":"95"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps","id":"65"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Los Angeles","id":"272"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Itano, Gary"},{"namepart":"Itano, Grace"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","facility":[{"term":"Gila River","id":"3"}],"creation":"June 1, 1986","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ding, Loni interviewer \nItano, Gary Interviewee \nItano, Grace interviewee Itano, Gary \nItano, Grace","download_large":"ddr-densho-1007-1806-mezzanine-66339c0828-a.jpg"},{"id":"195","model":"narrator","index":"7 5807/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/195/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/195/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tdave.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tdave.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/195/interviews/"},"display_name":"Dave Tatsuno","bio":"Nisei male. Born March 31, 1913, in San Francisco, California. Spent difficult childhood years in San Francisco under care of a guardian while family lived in Japan. Graduated with a degree in business administration from the University of California at Berkeley before World War II. Removed to Tanforan Assembly Center, California, and then to Topaz concentration camp, Utah. While in Topaz, was permitted to travel around the country as a buyer for the camp co-op store, and also obtained permission to shoot home movie footage from within the camp itself. After World War II, established the Nichibei Bussan Department Store in San Jose's Japantown."},{"id":"291","model":"narrator","index":"8 5808/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/291/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/291/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/aart.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/aart.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/291/interviews/"},"display_name":"Art Abe","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 12, 1921, in Seattle, Washington. Grew up in an area of Seattle with few other Japanese Americans, and was attending the University of Washington when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. Removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Left Minidoka several times on temporary work leave to work on farms in the area. Suffered tragic loss in camp when father got lost outside collecting wood and perished in the elements. Volunteered for the army and served in the signal corps, eventually working for the Civil Aeronautics Administration and Boeing. Also one of the early members of the Seattle Nisei Veterans Committee."},{"id":"414","model":"narrator","index":"9 5809/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/414/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/414/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/scedrick.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/scedrick.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/414/interviews/"},"display_name":"Cedrick M. Shimo","bio":"Nisei male. Born October 1, 1919, in Heber, California, in the Imperial Valley. Grew up in Boyle Heights. Received draft notice one day after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, and joined the Military Intelligence Service. After being denied furlough to visit his mother in Manzanar concentration camp, refused to serve overseas with his unit. Was placed in the 1800 Engineering Battalion, made up of Japanese, German and Italian Americans considered \"suspect\" by the U.S. government. After World War II, became the vice president of the export division for Honda, dedicating much of his time to promoting better trade relations between the U.S. and Japan."},{"id":"486","model":"narrator","index":"10 5810/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/486/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/486/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/osusumu.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/osusumu.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/486/interviews/"},"display_name":"Susumu Oshima","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 15, 1926, in Kainaliu-Kona, Hawaii. Grew up in Kona, where parents established a successful dry goods store, barber shop, and taxi service. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was immediately arrested by the FBI and held in the Kilauea Military Camp on the Big Island of Hawaii. During the war, father was transferred to Fort Sill internment camp, Oklahoma, where he was shot and killed by a camp guard. Susumu was drafted into the military in 1945, and he served as an interpreter in the Philippines and Japan. After the war, returned to Kona and resumed running the family's store."},{"id":"594","model":"narrator","index":"11 5811/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/594/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/594/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/iart_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/iart_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/594/interviews/"},"display_name":"Art Ishida","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 2, 1921, in Fresno, California. Grew up in the Gardena area of Los Angeles, California, before moving to Japan with parents in 1929 and returning to California in the 1930s. During World War II, removed to the Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, and the Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas. Gave a qualified answer on the so-called \"loyalty questionnaire and was transferred to the Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Moved briefly to the Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, before being released from camp and living in Chicago, Illinois. Drafted into the military and served in Korea as an interpreter for the Military Intelligence Service. Eventually returned to California."},{"id":"665","model":"narrator","index":"12 5812/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/665/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/665/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uyoshihiro.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uyoshihiro.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/665/interviews/"},"display_name":"Yoshihiro Uchida","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 1, 1920, in Calexico, California. Grew up in the Orange County area. Drafted into the army during World War II, while family was removed to the Poston concentration camp, Arizona. Father and brothers were all transferred to Department of Justice camps, and eventually went to Japan. After military service, Mr. Uchida returned to California and lived in San Jose. He earned his black belt in judo as a teenager, and after the war, was head of the judo program at San Jose State for over sixty years. Was instrumental in helping judo become nationally recognized in the U.S. as well as an official Olympic sport."},{"id":"141","model":"narrator","index":"13 5813/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/141/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/interviews/"},"display_name":"Harry Ueno","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 14, 1907, in Pauilo, Hawaii. Lived in Japan from 1915 to 1923, and settled on the mainland upon his return to the United States. Was married in 1930, and was removed along with family to Manzanar concentration camp, California, during World War II. While in Manzanar, organized the Mess Hall Workers Union. Accused of beating up a suspected government informant and was placed in jail, sparking the so-called \"Manzanar Riot.\" Was moved to various jails and the Citizen Isolation Centers Leupp, Arizona, and Moab, Utah, before being reunited with his family in Tule Lake Segregation Center. After release from camp, moved to the Santa Clara Valley, raised three children, and became a farmer."},{"id":"907","model":"narrator","index":"14 5814/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/907/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/907/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-459_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-459_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/907/interviews/"},"display_name":"Barbara Reiko Mikami Keimi","bio":"Sansei female. Born December 4, 1935, in Sawtelle, California. Grew up in Huntington Beach, California, where father worked as a chauffeur. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was picked up by the FBI and taken to the Tuna Canyon Detention Station. He rejoined the family at the Merced Assembly Center, California, and the family was then sent to the Amache concentration camp, Colorado. Parents decided to go to Japan and were sent to Tule Lake, but eventually decided to remain in the United States. After leaving camp, returned to Los Angeles. Barbara was active in camp pilgrimages and reunions after the war, as well as volunteering for the Japanese American National Museum."},{"id":"56","model":"narrator","index":"15 5815/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/56/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/56/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mtom.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/mtom.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/56/interviews/"},"display_name":"Tom Matsuoka","bio":"Kibei male. Born August 1, 1903, in Sprecklesville, Maui, Hawaii. Taken to Japan in 1905 and raised by grandparents. Returned to the United States in 1919, joining father at Barneston sawmill in Washington. Married and farmed in Bellevue, Washington. Founded Bellevue Seinenkai and managed the Bellevue Vegetable Growers Association prior to World War II. Was picked up by the FBI on December 8, 1941, detained by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in Seattle, then interned at the Department of Justice camp at Fort Missoula, Montana. Was transferred to the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and then to Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Was released to harvest sugar beets in Chinook, Montana, with his family as work crew. Established a farm in Chinook."},{"id":"116","model":"narrator","index":"16 5816/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/116/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/116/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kmarian.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kmarian.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/116/interviews/"},"display_name":"Marian Asao Kurosu","bio":"Issei female. Born March 10, 1907, in Fukui prefecture, Japan. Graduated from Jinai Girls School. After grandfather's death, came to Seattle, Washington in 1924 to join father and uncle, working in family-run agricultural greenhouse. Arranged marriage to Mr. Roy Naoe Kurosu, an Issei working in Tacoma sawmills. Started new greenhouse in Sunnydale, Washington until all people of Japanese ancestry were removed from the West Coast in 1942. Returned to work in Sunnydale greenhouse until retirement at age 74. In 1954, gained U.S. citizenship along with husband, adopting first name \"Marian.\" Mother of seven children, including a son born while at Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. At the time of the interview, Mrs. Kurosu resided at her home in Seattle, Washington."},{"id":"172","model":"narrator","index":"17 5817/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/172/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/172/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/krichard.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/krichard.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/172/interviews/"},"display_name":"Richard Kosaki","bio":"Nisei male. Born September 14, 1924, in Waikiki, Hawaii. Attended McKinley High School, where he was student body president, just prior to the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941. Served as a language instructor for the U.S. Military Intelligence Service during World War II, and was stationed in Japan during the U.S. occupation. Earned PhD in the 1950s before taking a position at the University of Hawaii at Manoa as an assistant professor. Worked in Washington, D.C., on Lyndon Johnson's presidential campaign. Was instrumental in establishing Hawaii's system of community colleges, notably the Hawaii Tokai International College. Dr. Kosaki is currently the Chancellor Emeritus of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, and is a senior consultant for the Japanese American National Museum's International Nikkei Research Project."},{"id":"214","model":"narrator","index":"18 5818/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/214/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/214/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ibetty.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ibetty.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/214/interviews/"},"display_name":"Betty Fumiye Ito","bio":"Nisei female. Born March 29, 1918, in Seattle, Washington, and spent childhood in Medina and Bellevue, Washington. While in high school was a member of the Bellevue Strawberry Festival's Queen's Court. In 1939 married Kenji Ito, a prominent Japanese American lawyer who practiced in Seattle. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, recounts her experiences as her husband was picked up by the FBI on the evening of December 7, 1941. Describes the trial and acquittal of her husband after he was accused of working as a non-registered agent for Japan. After the trial, was removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, Tule Lake concentration camp, California, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. After the war, resettled in the Los Angeles area."},{"id":"321","model":"narrator","index":"19 5819/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/321/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/321/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ayae.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ayae.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/321/interviews/"},"display_name":"Yae Aihara","bio":"Nisei female. Born August 18, 1925 in Tacoma, Washington. Raised in Seattle, Washington, where family operated a grocery store. Attended Washington Grammar School and Garfield High School in Seattle. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was arrested by the FBI and sent to Missoula internment camp, Montana. Family was removed to Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. In 1943, father decided to repatriate to Japan. The family was transported to Ellis Island detention station to reunite with father and board a repatriation ship, the SS Gripsholm. Transferred to Crystal City internment camp, Texas, after being denied entry on SS Gripsholm. Remained in Crystal City for duration of the war. Resettled to Boyle Heights neighborhood of Los Angeles in 1946."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1021-3","model":"entity","index":"20 5820/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1021-3/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1021-3/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg"},"title":"Keiko Shinmoto Interview","description":"Keiko Shinmoto's father migrated from Hiroshima to Portland, Oregon, where his brother was an owner of a grocery store. After returning to Hiroshima to see his ailing father, Keiko's father found it impossible to return to America as his mother hid his passport to keep him in Japan. Shortly, Keiko's mother joined him in Hiroshima, also her hometown. Unlike her eight older siblings, then, Keiko was born in Japan, in 1936. She recalls the challenge of being sent to the countryside at the age of eight as part of shudan sokai, a wartime program for children aiming to protect the youth from fire bombings in cities. The food shortage and black market called yamiichi that flourished after the war, too, left Keiko a strong impression. She is a nyushi survivor, as she was exposed to radiation by walking through the city of Hiroshima three days after the bombing. She lost one of her older sisters to the bomb. She came to the United States in 1960 with a help of her US-born brother, by then living in Los Angeles. She relearned English from her father who was also back in the United States and in the area at that time. Keiko attended a technical college to study design while working as a \"schoolgirl\" and worked briefly in Beverly Hills as a dressmaker before she married Nisei from Stockton. A former prisoner of the Gila River War Relocation Center, he worked as a mechanic at Chevrolet after the war and became an owner of a car repair shop. Keiko helped the shop's book keeping, while she also raised two children and worked at a grocery store in order to pay for her health insurance. At the time of the interview, Keiko had just joined a biannual medical checkup conducted by Hiroshima physicians in San Francisco for the first time because of the encouragement by another US survivor. After her husband passed away in 1998, she has been enjoying talking with her children, going to a Buddhist church in Stockton, and keeping in touch with her Nisei friends.","extent":"1:38:22","links_children":"ddr-densho-1021-3","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":965,"namepart":"Keiko Shinmoto"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Naoko Wake"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Stockton, California","creation":"25-Jul-11","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Keiko Shinmoto narrator \nNaoko Wake interviewer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1021-3-1-mezzanine-701b9f69a1-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-46-2","model":"entity","index":"21 5821/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-46-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-46-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-46/ddr-densho-46-2-mezzanine-589bdd97e3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-46/ddr-densho-46-2-mezzanine-589bdd97e3-a.jpg"},"title":"Dairy farm","description":"Kamezo and Miye Nakashima were from Saga-ken, Japan. They settled in Days, Washington in the early 1900s. Their 1,300-acre farm was largely self-sustaining and the Nakashimas purchased only dry goods. Produce such as corn, potatoes, lettuce, and fruit were grown on the farm. The property line of the farm extended far beyond the tree line shown in this photo. The couple was forced to sell their property for only $18,000 with the advent of World War II. The extensive acreage and its prime timber were worth far more. After the war, they never returned to farming but relocated to Seattle, where they operated several hotels. In 1997, the Snohomish County Council spent $593,000 in conservation funds to purchase 89 acres from the property's owner with the intention of making the land a trailhead. The remaining structures on the land may someday be used as a park-ranger residence and interpretive center. Days, Washington no longer exists. This site is currently near the town of Arlington in Snohomish County.","extent":"2128W x 944H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-46-2","topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Dairy farming","id":"344"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Nakashima, Kamezo"},{"namepart":"Nakashima, Miye"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Days, Washington","creation":"Early 1900s","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nakashima, Kamezo \nNakashima, Miye","download_large":"ddr-densho-46-2-mezzanine-589bdd97e3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-4-1817","model":"entity","index":"22 5822/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-4-1817/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-4-1817/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-1817-master-f51a2b9d70-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-1817-master-f51a2b9d70-a.jpg"},"title":"Mineo Osumi meeting with Italian and German naval officers","description":"Caption on reverse [translation]: \"Italian captain is a hero of the World War. (Tokyo) 1934 April 16. Briveoneshi is the captain of the warship Kuwaruto, which entered the port of Yokohama on the 16th. He is also the Chief Commander of the Navy of the Far East. He and an adjutant, Iretorait, visited Osumi, Minister of the Navy, at the Ministry of the Navy building at 9:40 a.m. on the 17th. They were guided to the building by a German officer, Hegai, who works in Japan. Osumi and the captain speak French, therefore, they could talk to each other. The captain was shot down in an aircraft during the World War, while he was attacking the town of Pola [?], on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. His aircraft fell into the ocean and he became a prisoner. He was released from the prison at the end of the war. This was the last story they discussed at this meeting. The photograph is 1, the Italian captain shaking hands with Osumi.\"","extent":"3W x 2H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-4-1817","format":"img","language":["jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Osumi, Mineo"}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Tokyo, Japan","creation":"16-Apr-34","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Osumi, Mineo","download_large":"ddr-njpa-4-1817-master-f51a2b9d70-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-4-406","model":"entity","index":"23 5823/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-4-406/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-4-406/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-406-master-a3aad0fbc1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-4/ddr-njpa-4-406-master-a3aad0fbc1-a.jpg"},"title":"Article regarding Hidemichi Kira's arrival in Hawai'i","description":"Caption on front: \"Hidemichi Kira, New Japanese Consul, Arrives. Consul Hidemichi Kira arrived here from Tokyo by Pan American Clipper yesterday afternoon to join the local Japanese consulate-general staff. He was accompanied by his wife, Setsuko, and their daughter, Michiko, who is three years and seven months old. Consul Kira will succeed Consul Hiroshi Hitomi, who is leaving Honolulu on May 31 aboard the APL liner President Wilson with Mrs. Hitomi and their two-year-old son, Kaoru, for a new assignment at the Japanese foreign office in Tokyo. The new local Japanese consul has been with the marketing section of the Japanese trade ministry for the past three years. A native of Kagawa prefecture, he was graduated from Tokyo university in 1941. Born in Kamakura, Japan, Mrs. Kira is the daughter of the proprietor of the Hoshigaoka Saryo, exclusive Tokyo restaurant. She is a graduate of the Junko Gakuin, a Buddhist school in Yokohama, and her hobby is horseback riding. Mr. and Mrs. Kira will make their home at 3244 Woodlawn Drive.\"","extent":"2.25W x 5.5H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-4-406","format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Kira, Hidemichi"}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"clipping","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kira, Hidemichi","download_large":"ddr-njpa-4-406-master-a3aad0fbc1-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-29-22","model":"entity","index":"24 5824/{'value': 5904, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-29-22/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-29-22/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-29/ddr-pc-29-22-mezzanine-941e4f4d8e-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-29/ddr-pc-29-22-mezzanine-941e4f4d8e-a.jpg"},"title":"Pacific Citizen, Vol. 44, No. 22 (May 31, 1957)","description":"Select article titles: \"House Approves Supplemental Appropriations Bill to Pay 1,300 Claimants over $1,600,000 By Summer\" (p. 1); \"YWCA director who befriended Japanese in Salt Lake during war years to retire\" (p. 1); \"Renunciants urged to file Form N-576 as soon as possible to secure administrative review of validity of own action\" (p. 1); \"Appeal Made to Withdraw FEPC Bill by Senate\" (p. 3); \"Nisei jazz drummer to cut LP record\" (p. 3); \"Sonoma County JACL bowling title decided by one pin in championship roll-off\" (p. 4); \"Long Beach C.L. Plans Fete for Grads 1000-ers\" (p. 5); \"Intricate artistry of carver on small bits of ivory, wood appleas to N.Y. CLer\" (p. 5); \"10 records bettered at Kezar Stadium in JACL Olympics\" (p. 6); \"JACL Campaign Against Improper Films on TV Cited by U.S. Official\" (p. 8); \"'Best actor of season' award won by Nisei for Sakini\" (p. 8); \"1956 FBI reports show Chinese, Japanese Americans with minimum crime counts\" (p.8); \"Denver pioneer gets Japan decoration\" (p. 8); \"Two Nisei pass Calif. state bar examinations\" (p. 8).","extent":"11W x 17H","links_children":"ddr-pc-29-22","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Japanese American Citizens League"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Politics","id":"235"},{"term":"Arts and literature -- Performing arts -- Theater","id":"256"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Los Angeles","id":"272"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Colorado -- Denver","id":"276"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- New York -- New York","id":"283"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Community activities -- Sports -- Bowling","id":"316"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Chinese American identity","id":"455"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Issei","id":"43"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"Industry and employment -- Law","id":"362"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications -- Pacific Citizen","id":"389"},{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Lobbying and implementation of findings and recommendations","id":"115"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"05/31/1957","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-29-22-mezzanine-941e4f4d8e-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"Japan","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}