(This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.)","extent":"01:22:47","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-21","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":163,"namepart":"Ben Kuroki"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":169,"namepart":"Shige Kuroki"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Chin"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Camarillio, California","creation":"January 31, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ben Kuroki narrator \nShige Kuroki narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer \nFrank Chin interviewer","download_large":"denshovh-kben_g-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-356-199","model":"entity","index":"5 930/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-356-199/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-356-199/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-356/ddr-densho-356-199-mezzanine-9ea6d6a4a7-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-356/ddr-densho-356-199-mezzanine-9ea6d6a4a7-a.jpg"},"title":"Letter to Domoto Bros. Nursery","description":"Envelope addressed to Domoto Bros. postmarked Dec. 27, 1922 Santa Rosa, California. Stored in the envelope were two letters and three postcard. First letter stored in envelope is to Mr. Domoto from K. Nagasawa of Santa Rosa dated Dec. 27, 1922. The letter is an acknowledgment of a shipment of flowers as a gift, and a New Year's greeting. The second letter is address to Mr. Domoto from K. Nagasawa dated April 5, 1928. The letter acknowledges the shipment of several flowers to Sacramento and were used as a display for a 79th birthday. First postcard dated Sept. 12, 1926, addressed to K. Domoto (Kanetaro Domoto) from K. Nagasawa, postmarked 15.9.12 (Taisho 15 - 1926). Postcard is regarding a trip to a Hokkaido hot spring by railcar. The second postcard is dated July 10, 1926 to Mr. K. Domoto (Kanetaro Domoto) from K. Nagasawa postmarked 1.7.11 (Showa 1- 1926). Postcard is regarding the fist week of his trip to Japan. Third postcard is dated Aug. 8, 1926 to K. Domoto (Kanetaro Domoto) from K. N. (K. Nagasawa) postmarked 15.8.9 (Taisho 15-1926). The postcard is regarding his trip into Tokyo and an earthquake that happened on the 4th.","extent":"envelope: 5.5W x 3.625H; letter: 5.75W x 10H; letter 2: 5.5W x 7.125H; postcard: 5.5W x 3.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-356-199","topics":[{"term":"Industry and employment -- Agriculture -- Flower growers","id":"346"},{"term":"Community activities -- Travel","id":"332"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Domoto, Kanetaro"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"correspondence","location":"Santa Rosa, California; Hokkaido, Japan; Tokyo, Japan","creation":"1922-1928","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Domoto, Kanetaro","download_large":"ddr-densho-356-199-mezzanine-9ea6d6a4a7-a.jpg"},{"id":"141","model":"narrator","index":"6 931/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/141/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/uharry.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/141/interviews/"},"display_name":"Harry Ueno","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 14, 1907, in Pauilo, Hawaii. Lived in Japan from 1915 to 1923, and settled on the mainland upon his return to the United States. Was married in 1930, and was removed along with family to Manzanar concentration camp, California, during World War II. While in Manzanar, organized the Mess Hall Workers Union. Accused of beating up a suspected government informant and was placed in jail, sparking the so-called \"Manzanar Riot.\" Was moved to various jails and the Citizen Isolation Centers Leupp, Arizona, and Moab, Utah, before being reunited with his family in Tule Lake Segregation Center. After release from camp, moved to the Santa Clara Valley, raised three children, and became a farmer."},{"id":"205","model":"narrator","index":"7 932/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/205/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/205/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kfred.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kfred.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/205/interviews/"},"display_name":"Fred Korematsu","bio":"Nisei male. Born January 30, 1919, in Oakland, California. Mr. Korematsu was working as a welder in San Francisco when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. After Executive Order 9066 was issued in 1942, he decided to resist the evacuation orders, and was not removed with his family. He was arrested in May of 1942, taken to jail, and eventually transferred to the Tanforan Assembly Center, California, where his family was being held. He legally challenged the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, and his case made it to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the order in 1944. Following World War II, Mr. Korematsu moved to Detroit, Michigan, where he married and raised a family before returning to California. In the early 1980s, his case was reopened after the discovery of a crucial document indicating that in the original 1944 case, the federal government had lied to the high court. The conviction was vacated by U.S. District Judge Marilyn Hall Patel in 1983, and in 1998, Mr. Korematsu was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom."},{"id":"214","model":"narrator","index":"8 933/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/214/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/214/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ibetty.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ibetty.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/214/interviews/"},"display_name":"Betty Fumiye Ito","bio":"Nisei female. Born March 29, 1918, in Seattle, Washington, and spent childhood in Medina and Bellevue, Washington. While in high school was a member of the Bellevue Strawberry Festival's Queen's Court. In 1939 married Kenji Ito, a prominent Japanese American lawyer who practiced in Seattle. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, recounts her experiences as her husband was picked up by the FBI on the evening of December 7, 1941. Describes the trial and acquittal of her husband after he was accused of working as a non-registered agent for Japan. After the trial, was removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, Tule Lake concentration camp, California, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. After the war, resettled in the Los Angeles area."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-96","model":"entity","index":"9 934/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-96/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-96/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tayame_g-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-tayame_g-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Ayame Tsutakawa - Mayumi Tsutakawa - Kenzan Tsutakawa-Chinn - Yayoi Tsutakawa-Chinn","description":"This is an intergenerational, group interview of members of the Tsutakawa family. Ayame Tsutakawa is a Kibei female born 1924 in Hollywood, California, then sent to Japan to live with relatives when thirteen months old. She returned to the United States at the age of twelve. During WWII, she was incarcerated in the Sacramento Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp. While in camp she met George Tsutakawa, (world reknowned artist, 1910-1997) whom she married. The Tsutakawas had four children: Gerard, Mayumi, Deems, and Marcus. Ayame's daughter, Mayumi, and Mayumi's two children: Kenzan and Yayoi, also participated in this interview. Mayumi was born in 1949, Kenzan was born in 1980, and Yayoi was born in 1986. This family interview focuses on the lessons and impacts of the incarceration as seen by different generations within the same family.
(The Tsutakawas were interviewed at the former site of the Tule Lake incarceration camp, in the context of a larger Tule Lake reunion, called the \"Tule Lake Pilgrimage, Journey of Remembrance and Discovery,\" organized by the Tule Lake Committee. This Pilgrimage was attended by people from up and down the West Coast, and included a narrated walking tour of the campsite, panel lectures, intergenerational discussion groups, cultural performances, and an interfaith religious ceremony.)","extent":"00:32:42","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-96","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":94,"namepart":"Ayame Tsutakawa"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":95,"namepart":"Mayumi Tsutakawa"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":96,"namepart":"Kenzan Tsutakawa-Chinn"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":97,"namepart":"Yayoi Tsutakawa-Chinn"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tracy Lai"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Steve Hamada"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr015zr73","namepart":"Iwasa, Ayame"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Klamath Falls, Oregon","creation":"July 3, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Ayame Tsutakawa narrator \nMayumi Tsutakawa narrator \nKenzan Tsutakawa-Chinn narrator \nYayoi Tsutakawa-Chinn narrator \nTracy Lai interviewer \nSteve Hamada videographer Iwasa, Ayame 88922nr015zr73","download_large":"denshovh-tayame_g-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"969","model":"narrator","index":"10 935/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/969/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/969/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1021-8_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1021-8_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/969/interviews/"},"display_name":"Thomas T. Noguchi","bio":"Thomas Noguchi was the first Japanese American to serve as the Chief Medical Examiner-Coroner of Los Angeles Country. Well-known for conducting autopsies of public figures such as Robert F. Kennedy, Marilyn Monroe, and William Holden, Noguchi was in the position between 1967 and 1982. As a Shin Issei immigrant born in Japan (in 1927) and trained in medicine in both Japan and the United States, Noguchi faced racial prejudice especially early in his career, leading to a dismissal from the position in 1969. The Japanese American community and organizations, including the Japanese American Citizens League, made a concerted effort to reinstate him, a campaign that proved successful. Noguchi felt \"grateful,\" and when US survivors ask for his assistance to organize themselves in 1970, he felt as if it was a good opportunity to give back to the community. He enlisted support for US hibakusha from the California State Senator Mervyn Dymally and the U.S. Congressman Edward Roybal. They authored the bills that would have established a publicly funded program for medical care and treatment of radiation illnesses among US survivors. Although both the state and federal bills failed, Noguchi's collaborative effort with the politicians of color reveal changing racial and class relations in the state and national politics in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Noguchi's interview includes a discussion of his work with key leaders of the US survivors' organization, his communication with the JACL, and the public hearings for the medical bills."},{"id":"163","model":"narrator","index":"11 936/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/163/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/163/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kben.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/kben.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/163/interviews/"},"display_name":"Ben Kuroki","bio":"Nisei male. Born May 16, 1917, in Hershey, Nebraska. Admitted to the Army Air Corps and flew thirty missions in Europe in a B-24 as a tailgunner and top turret gunner. Earned two Distinguished Flying Crosses and was acclaimed as the first Nisei war hero. Spoke at Heart Mountain, Wyoming, and two other camps in order to help encourage draft recruitment. Subpoenaed as a witness in the conspiracy trial of Heart Mountain's Fair Play Committee leaders. Later became the only Nisei to service in active combat with the Air Corps in the Pacific Theater, and flew twenty-eight additional missions over Japan. After World War II, became the first Japanese American editor of a general newspaper in Nebraska, and later edited newspapers in suburban Michigan and Southern California."},{"id":"126","model":"narrator","index":"12 937/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/126/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/126/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ygeorge.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ygeorge.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/126/interviews/"},"display_name":"George Yoshida","bio":"Nisei male. Born April 9, 1922, in Seattle, Washington. Parents immigrated from Japan in the early 1900s. Attended Bailey Gatzert Elementary School and Washington Middle School in Seattle before his family moved to East Los Angeles in 1936. Incarcerated in Poston Detention Camp #1, Arizona, in April 1942. While in camp, helped organize the \"Music Makers,\" a dance band. Left Poston for Chicago in 1943, and was drafted into the U.S. Army. Underwent basic training in the armored (tank) corps at Fort Knox, Kentucky, and was subsequently assigned to the Military Intelligence Language School at Fort Snelling, Minnesota. Married Helen Furuyama in 1945, and moved to Berkeley, California, and later to El Cerrito, a neighboring community. George earned his teaching credential and taught in the Berkeley School District for thirty-five years. He raised four children: Cole, Clay, Maia and Lian. Organized the J-Town Jazz Ensemble, a 17-piece swing band based in San Francisco, which performs at community events and festivals. Author of the book Reminiscing in Swingtime: Japanese Americans in American Popular Music, 1925-1960, published by the National Japanese American Historical Society, San Francisco, California."},{"id":"1018","model":"narrator","index":"13 938/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/1018/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1018/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-528_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1000-528_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1018/interviews/"},"display_name":"Frank Abe","bio":"Sansei male. Born 1951 in Cleveland, Ohio. During World War II, father was incarcerated the Pomona Assembly Center, California, and the Heart Mountain concentratin camp, Wyoming. Mother came to the United States from Japan in 1950. Frank grew up in Cleveland, where his parents owned a boarding house. Earned a B.A. in theater directing from the University of California at Santa Cruz and received professional actors' training at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. An original member of the Asian American Theater Workshop in San Francisco. Helped organize the first Day of Remembrance event in Seattle in 1978. Instrumental in creating the National Council for Japanese American Redress in Seattle. Worked as a reporter for KIRO Newsradio in Seattle, and was the co-founder of the Seattle chapter of the Asian American Journalists Association. Later worked as Director of Communications for the King County Executive in Seattle. Filmmaker who made the documentary Conscience and the Constitution with Shannon Gee, author of JOHN OKADA: The Life & Rediscovered Work of the Author of No-No Boy, and lead author of the graphic novel, We Hereby Refuse."},{"id":"ddr-csujad-48-7","model":"entity","index":"14 939/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-48-7/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-48-7/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-48/ddr-csujad-48-7-mezzanine-46be419ef1-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-48/ddr-csujad-48-7-mezzanine-46be419ef1-a.jpg"},"title":"My future in the post-war America","description":"Term paper by Jogi Yamaguchi for period III Social Problems class taught by Mr. Harry Bentley Wells, a teacher at Manzanar High School. Jogi first discusses the choice he had to face in staying in America or leaving for Japan. He knows life in the US will be difficult and doesn't think he will ever see Los Angeles again. He seems worried of having to either start over from scratch, like his parents had had to or else stay in Manzanar \"as part of it's dirt.\" From childhood, Jogi wanted to sail the seas: before the war, he hoped to become a commercial radio telegraph operator for a ship. He would prefer a cargo ship but it would be more likely he would have worked on a tuna chipper for more regular employment. Since coming to camp, Jogi completely gave up on this dream. Much of the body consists of his struggles to live without bitterness toward the US and what incidents have caused this internal struggle. He will try to relocate to the East or Midwest to work on a farm. He seems to have little hope for the future in general but knows it will be better than current conditions. Transcription is found in item: ecm_wells_9007. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: ecm_wells_0007","extent":"4 pages, 11 x 8.5 inches, handwritten","links_children":"ddr-csujad-48-7","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Yamaguchi, Jogi"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Education","id":"73"},{"term":"Education -- Secondary education","id":"335"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Impact of incarceration","id":"78"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Eastern California Museum","rights":"nocc","genre":"misc_document","location":"Manzanar, California","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"2/25/1943","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Yamaguchi, Jogi author","download_large":"ddr-csujad-48-7-mezzanine-46be419ef1-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-29-60","model":"entity","index":"15 940/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-60/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-29-60/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-60-1-mezzanine-bad4050dc6-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-60-1-mezzanine-bad4050dc6-a.jpg"},"title":"An Oral History with Sumiye Takeno, Part II","description":"An oral history with Sumiye Takeno, a current resident of Denver, Colorado. This interview was conducted for the Japanese American Oral History Project by California State University, Fullerton. The purpose of this interview was to gather information regarding Takeno's incarceration and resettlement experience during World War II. Specifically, the interview covers her childhood in Florin, California, her experiences in church and sewing school; her experiences as a nurse's aide at the Manzanar incarceration camp in 1942, detailing camp life, close friends, and recreation; talks about her arranged marriage to her husband, Roy, in 1943 while incarcerated, their engagement party; her Methodist upbringing and faith, her involvement in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) in the early 1940s; her feelings on \"baishakunin\" or what is known as arranged marriage; her family's roles and actions while living at the camp, her attitude and equipment on and about the camp; comments on her relationship between her husband and herself, her husband's family and their background in Japan, his background living in Fresno, California, size and impact of Roy's family, and change that emanates when a Japanese woman marries into another family; details the importance that medical practicing had on her family life, her husband's health and career in the 1960s while writing as a journalist and acting as an organizer for the JACL; she describes her husband's jobs for such newspapers like the Denver Post and Rocky Jiho; comments on her social circle after the camp in Manzanar, her husband's local fame as a journalist and for his involvement with JACL; she talks about Roy's leadership position in JACL and his roles in the organization in the early 1950s, her feeling about all the letters of support she received when Roy passed away; explains her move to Denver with Roy in the late 1940s due to his new job as a journalist at the Rocky Shimpo, her housing situations between the late 1940s and 1950s in Denver; discusses the location of the newspaper office, Rocky Shimpo, the restaurants and stores that surrounded the newspaper office, the location of the JACL office in 1946; she describes the JACL administration with Min Yasui's leadership in 1946, her feelings about the name change from \"Denver JACL\" to the Mile High Chapter of the JACL in Denver; discusses her family's frugal techniques, simple life, and forms of transportation post-war; her feelings on the incarceration and its effects on the Japanese American community on a national level, the impact the camps had on the communities after the war; how suburbanization impacted her family starting in 1952, the general neighborhoods in Denver that had the largest Japanese American populations; the experiences that JACL gave her, the social and legislative activities she participated in, and the change to civil rights activism in JACL in the 1960s; her feelings on the issue of redress for the Japanese Americans who were interned during the war, and her official active role in the organization in 1987; talks briefly about Min Yasui and his civil rights activism, and about James (Jim) Omura's leadership when he took over the Rocky Shimpo newspaper in 1947; and her description between the Issei and Nisei Japanese Americans. Transcript is found in item: csufccop_jaoh_0047. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 5282.2_T01","extent":"1:22:39","links_children":"ddr-csujad-29-60","creators":[{"role":"narrator","id":343,"namepart":"Sumiye Takeno"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Hansen, Arthur A."},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"California State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement","id":"120"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations","id":"16"},{"term":"World War II -- Japanese American Citizens League activities","id":"400"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Impact of incarceration","id":"78"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service","id":"88"},{"term":"Religion and churches","id":"29"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Redress and reparations","id":"110"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Colorado","id":"275"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Social and recreational activities","id":"195"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers -- Social relations","id":"532"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Weddings","id":"196"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Aftermath","id":"191"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Civil Liberties Act of 1988","id":"525"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"CSU Fullerton Center for Oral and Public History","rights":"nocc","genre":"interview","location":"Florin, California; Manzanar, California; Denver, Colorado","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"11/10/2001","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sumiye Takeno narrator \nHansen, Arthur A. interviewer \nCalifornia State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History publisher","download_large":"ddr-csujad-29-60-1-mezzanine-bad4050dc6-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-csujad-29-59","model":"entity","index":"16 941/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-csujad-29-59/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-csujad-29-59/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-59-1-mezzanine-cdbb83b7a8-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-csujad-29/ddr-csujad-29-59-1-mezzanine-cdbb83b7a8-a.jpg"},"title":"An Oral History with Sumiye Takeno, Part I","description":"An oral history with Sumiye Takeno, a current resident of Denver, Colorado. This interview was conducted for the Japanese American Oral History Project by California State University, Fullerton. The purpose of this interview was to gather information regarding Takeno's incarceration and resettlement experience during World War II. Specifically, the interview covers her childhood in Florin, California, her experiences in church and sewing school; her experiences as a nurse's aide at the Manzanar incarceration camp in 1942, detailing camp life, close friends, and recreation; talks about her arranged marriage to her husband, Roy, in 1943 while incarcerated, their engagement party; her Methodist upbringing and faith, her involvement in the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL) in the early 1940s; her feelings on \"baishakunin\" or what is known as arranged marriage; her family's roles and actions while living at the camp, her attitude and equipment on and about the camp; comments on her relationship between her husband and herself, her husband's family and their background in Japan, his background living in Fresno, California, size and impact of Roy's family, and change that emanates when a Japanese woman marries into another family; details the importance that medical practicing had on her family life, her husband's health and career in the 1960s while writing as a journalist and acting as an organizer for the JACL; she describes her husband's jobs for such newspapers like the Denver Post and Rocky Jiho; comments on her social circle after the camp in Manzanar, her husband's local fame as a journalist and for his involvement with JACL; she talks about Roy's leadership position in JACL and his roles in the organization in the early 1950s, her feeling about all the letters of support she received when Roy passed away; explains her move to Denver with Roy in the late 1940s due to his new job as a journalist at the Rocky Shimpo, her housing situations between the late 1940s and 1950s in Denver; discusses the location of the newspaper office, Rocky Shimpo, the restaurants and stores that surrounded the newspaper office, the location of the JACL office in 1946; she describes the JACL administration with Min Yasui's leadership in 1946, her feelings about the name change from \"Denver JACL\" to the Mile High Chapter of the JACL in Denver; discusses her family's frugal techniques, simple life, and forms of transportation post-war; her feelings on the incarceration and its effects on the Japanese American community on a national level, the impact the camps had on the communities after the war; how suburbanization impacted her family starting in 1952, the general neighborhoods in Denver that had the largest Japanese American populations; the experiences that JACL gave her, the social and legislative activities she participated in, and the change to civil rights activism in JACL in the 1960s; her feelings on the issue of redress for the Japanese Americans who were interned during the war, and her official active role in the organization in 1987; talks briefly about Min Yasui and his civil rights activism, and about James (Jim) Omura's leadership when he took over the Rocky Shimpo newspaper in 1947; and her description between the Issei and Nisei Japanese Americans. Transcript is found in item: csufccop_jaoh_0047. See this object in the California State Universities Japanese American Digitization project site: 5282.1_T01","extent":"2:11:02","links_children":"ddr-csujad-29-59","creators":[{"role":"narrator","id":343,"namepart":"Sumiye Takeno"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Hansen, Arthur A."},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"California State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History"}],"topics":[{"term":"Activism and involvement","id":"120"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations","id":"16"},{"term":"World War II -- Japanese American Citizens League activities","id":"400"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Impact of incarceration","id":"78"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service","id":"88"},{"term":"Religion and churches","id":"29"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Redress and reparations","id":"110"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Colorado","id":"275"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living conditions","id":"67"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Social and recreational activities","id":"195"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers -- Social relations","id":"532"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Weddings","id":"196"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Aftermath","id":"191"},{"term":"Activism and involvement -- Civil rights","id":"234"},{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Civil Liberties Act of 1988","id":"525"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California","id":"271"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"CSU Fullerton Center for Oral and Public History","rights":"nocc","genre":"interview","location":"Florin, California; Manzanar, California; Denver, Colorado","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"11/9/2001","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Sumiye Takeno narrator \nHansen, Arthur A. interviewer \nCalifornia State University, Fullerton. Center for Oral and Public History publisher","download_large":"ddr-csujad-29-59-1-mezzanine-cdbb83b7a8-a.jpg"},{"id":"129","model":"narrator","index":"17 942/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/129/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/129/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ymitsuye.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ymitsuye.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/129/interviews/"},"display_name":"Mitsuye May Yamada","bio":"Female, child of Issei parents. Born July 5, 1923, in Fukuoka, Japan while her mother and two older Nisei brothers visited relatives. Named Mitsuye Mei Yasutake at birth. From age 3, grew up in Seattle, WA. Father employed by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as interpreter for twenty years, until separated from family on December 7, 1941 and interned as an enemy alien. Attended Cleveland High School before being removed from Seattle with mother and three brothers in 1942, and incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Allowed temporary leave from Minidoka, to travel with brother William Toshio Yasutake to visit their father, Jack Kaichiro Yasutake, incarcerated at U.S. Department of Justice internment camp in Lordsburg, NM. Released from Minidoka in 1943 to work and attend college in Cincinnati. Received B.A. in English and Art from New York University. M.A. in English Literature and Research from University of Chicago. Married and had four children. Moved to Southern California in 1960. Taught for 23 years at community colleges in Southern California and other institutions, retiring from Cypress College as Professor of English in 1989. Author of Camp Notes and Other Poems, first published in 1976; Desert Run, (1988); writer of numerous other essays, short stories, and poems widely anthologized in collections such as This Bridge Called My Back (1981) and Women Poets of the World (1983). Featured in \"Mitsuye and Nellie: Two American Poets,\" documentary film on Asian women in the United States, aired on national public television, 1981. Founder of MultiCultural Women Writers (MCWW), member of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States (MELUS), and active in many community, arts and cross-cultural programs. Elected to National Board of Directors of Amnesty International USA in 1987 and served for six years. Recipient of numerous awards and honors recognizing her professional and volunteer contributions to society."},{"id":"ddr-densho-1024-7","model":"entity","index":"18 943/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1024-7/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1024-7/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-7-mezzanine-6865efd7df-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1024/ddr-densho-1024-7-mezzanine-6865efd7df-a.jpg"},"title":"Six Weddings and a Dress","description":"Short documentary film centering on Chiyomi Ogawa, a Nisei woman who had been incarcerated in Manzanar , and her wedding dress, which was subsequently used by five other women in the early postwar years.\r\n\r\nBorn as Chiyomi Marumoto in 1924, Ogawa and her family lived in the in fishing community of |Terminal Island , where her father was a fishing boat captain. She was sent to Japan to be educated as a child and returned to the U.S. shortly before the outbreak of war. When war came, her father was among the Issei who were arrested and interned. The rest of the family was subsequently incarcerated in Manzanar. While at Manzanar, she married James Kaz Ogawa, who came from a neighboring family on Terminal Island. For their March 26, 1944, wedding in Manzanar, Chiyomi's \"Auntie Nui,\" a seamstress, made her wedding dress out of materials ordered from the Montgomery Ward catalog. Subsequently, the dress was used by five other women who married between 1947 and 1950, all of whom lived in the Pasadena, California, area along with the Ogawas.\r\n\r\nThe film is built around an interview with Ogawa, along with with various members of her family, and includes scenes of a traveling exhibition built around the dress. Filmmaker Steve Nagano's father, Rev. Paul Nagano, married several of the couples who used the dress.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Densho Resource Guide at: Six Weddings and a Dress.\r\n\r\nSee this item in the Digital Library of the Japanese American Incarceration Films at: https://archive.org/details/ddr-densho-1024-7.","extent":"00:07:39","links_children":"ddr-densho-1024-7","creators":[{"role":"filmmaker","namepart":"Nagano, Stephen"}],"topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Weddings","id":"196"},{"term":"Community activities -- Weddings","id":"28"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Terminal Island","id":"490"}],"format":"av","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"motion_picture","facility":[{"term":"Manzanar","id":"7"}],"creation":"2014","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nagano, Stephen filmmaker","download_large":"ddr-densho-1024-7-mezzanine-6865efd7df-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1021-4","model":"entity","index":"19 944/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1021-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1021-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-4-1-mezzanine-b8f1186525-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-4-1-mezzanine-b8f1186525-a.jpg"},"title":"Matsuko Hayashi Interview","description":"Born in 1921 in Parlier in Fresno County, California, Matsuko Hayashi (pseudonym) grew up as the second oldest of the eight children of a first-generation immigrant who had come to the United States as a sixteen years old, and his wife who had come as a \"picture bride.\" They raised grapes on three farms that Matsuko's father and his brother had bought. She remembers her father's affection for the family and his dedication to Buddhism, and how busy her mother was raising children. They hired Mexican laborers and operated their business successfully, winning many blue ribbons for their products at state fairs. Matsuko recalls how the family enjoyed going to camping at Yosemite, and how she went to a Japanese school on Saturdays and Sundays, which she found not effective in teaching her Japanese. As for the American school that she attended on weekdays, she recalls how her teachers were prejudiced against the Japanese. When she went to Japan in 1940, she felt her Japanese classmates were biased against Americans like herself. She and other Nisei at her school in Hiroshima spoke in English, making their Japanese classmate believe that the American students were bad-mouthing their Japanese peers. On August 8, 1945, she was injured and lost consciousness after the bombing, but she survived with the help of her Nisei friend that she knew from a sewing school she had attended in Hiroshima. She lost one of her sisters to the bombing, whom her family was able to identify only because of the white nametag she wore. After losing her Japanese husband to the war, Matsuko came back to the United States in 1947, went to a drapery school and worked in Hollywood as a dressmaker, and was remarried to a Nisei who had been a \"no-no-boy\" in Tule Lake and expressed no concern about the fact that Matsuko is a survivor. As a dedicated Buddhist, Matsuko spent her married life focusing on raising family and working at a nursery, and interacted with other US survivors only occasionally. She feels that being attacked by the bomb was like being hit by tsunami; it was shikata ga nai (It couldn't be helped).","extent":"1:23:29","links_children":"ddr-densho-1021-4","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":966,"namepart":"Matsuko Hayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Naoko Wake"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"San Jose, California","creation":"3-Jun-12","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Matsuko Hayashi narrator \nNaoko Wake interviewer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1021-4-1-mezzanine-b8f1186525-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1021-9","model":"entity","index":"20 945/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1021-9/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1021-9/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-9-1-mezzanine-4899f812fb-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1021/ddr-densho-1021-9-1-mezzanine-4899f812fb-a.jpg"},"title":"Paul Satoh Interview","description":"Born in Osaka, Japan, in 1936, Paul Satoh spent a happy childhood as the only child of a chemist and a homemaker. Satoh's extended family included an uncle who had studied at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his wife, a US-born Nikkei from Hawai'i who occasionally had received a \"care pack from the United States\" that she shared with the Satohs. Although the couple was not affected by the bomb as they were in Tokyo, one of Satoh's other aunts who was in Hiroshima died of radiation sickness. Satoh himself, too, was in Hiroshima as his family's house in Osaka was burned in an air raid early in 1945. Living in his relative's house in Koi, which was about six kilometer from the hypocenter, Satoh remembers hearing a \"real big sound\" at the moment of the explosion. His family decided to take refuge in his grandmother's house in the countryside, and as they walked through Hiroshima, they witnessed people dying on the street from severe burns and injuries. Many years later, his mother died of leukemia, while Satoh himself suffered from thyroid cancer. Immediately after the war, though, Satoh recalled only silence around the bomb, even as many of his classmates passed away because of the delayed radiation effect. He came to the United States in 1960 to study chemistry at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He married a Polish American woman who was his classmate, and experienced racial discrimination in the era when interracial marriages were still illegal in many US states. Satoh also found that his brother-in-law had worked as a maintenance crew for Enola Gay, the airplane that dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. Satoh worked as a chemist in the for-profit sector, and he occasionally lectured at colleges on applied chemistry. Although he was not part of any US survivors' groups, he was interested in issues of nuclear weaponry and bomb victims. He has assisted research for a book written by his acquaintance about US prisoners of war who died of the bomb in Hiroshima in 1945.","extent":"2:09:44","links_children":"ddr-densho-1021-9","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":970,"namepart":"Paul Satoh"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Naoko Wake"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"East Lansing, Michigan","creation":"23-Aug-15","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Paul Satoh narrator \nNaoko Wake interviewer","download_large":"ddr-densho-1021-9-1-mezzanine-4899f812fb-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-137","model":"entity","index":"21 946/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-137/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-137/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ymitsuye-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ymitsuye-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Mitsuye May Yamada Interview","description":"Female, child of Issei parents. Born July 5, 1923, in Fukuoka, Japan while her mother and two older Nisei brothers visited relatives. Named Mitsuye Mei Yasutake at birth. From age 3, grew up in Seattle, WA. Father employed by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service as interpreter for twenty years, until separated from family on December 7, 1941 and interned as an enemy alien. Attended Cleveland High School before being removed from Seattle with mother and three brothers in 1942, and incarcerated at Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Allowed temporary leave from Minidoka, to travel with brother William Toshio Yasutake to visit their father, Jack Kaichiro Yasutake, incarcerated at U.S. Department of Justice internment camp in Lordsburg, NM.
Released from Minidoka in 1943 to work and attend college in Cincinnati. Received B.A. in English and Art from New York University. M.A. in English Literature and Research from University of Chicago. Married and had four children. Moved to Southern California in 1960. Taught for 23 years at community colleges in Southern California and other institutions, retiring from Cypress College as Professor of English in 1989. Author of Camp Notes and Other Poems, first published in 1976; Desert Run, (1988); writer of numerous other essays, short stories, and poems widely anthologized in collections such as This Bridge Called My Back (1981) and Women Poets of the World (1983). Featured in \"Mitsuye and Nellie: Two American Poets,\" documentary film on Asian women in the United States, aired on national public television, 1981.Founder of MultiCultural Women Writers (MCWW), member of Multi-Ethnic Literature of the United States (MELUS), and active in many community, arts and cross-cultural programs. Elected to National Board of Directors of Amnesty International USA in 1987 and served for six years. Recipient of numerous awards and honors recognizing her professional and volunteer contributions to society.(Mitsuye Yamada was interviewed together with her two surviving brothers, William Toshio Yasutake and Joseph Yasutake, in group sessions on October 8-9, 2002. She was interviewed individually on October 9-10, 2002.
Before being contacted by Densho, the Yasutake siblings had planned to conduct their own family history interviews. Individually and jointly, they and other family members had written and gathered material documenting their family history. They shared much of this with me to assist with research and preparation for the Densho interview. Mitsuye's daughter Jeni had coordinated much of the family history work. Jeni participated as a secondary interviewer during the group sessions, October 8-9, 2002.The group interview sessions were conducted in Seattle at the home of Tom Ikeda, executive director of Densho. The oldest Yasutake sibling, Reverend Seiichi Michael Yasutake, had passed away less than a year before the Densho interviewing, in December, 2001. The remaining siblings emphasized that his absence left a gap in their discussion of family history. In addition to Jeni Yamada and videographers Dana Hoshide and John Pai, also present during some portions of the group interview were Tom Ikeda, and Mitsuye Yamada's son Kai Yamada.)","extent":"04:29:53","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-137","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":129,"namepart":"Mitsuye May Yamada"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 9 & 10, 2002","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Mitsuye May Yamada narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ymitsuye-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"966","model":"narrator","index":"22 947/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/966/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/966/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/966/interviews/"},"display_name":"Matsuko Hayashi","bio":"Born in 1921 in Parlier in Fresno County, California, Matsuko Hayashi (pseudonym) grew up as the second oldest of the eight children of a first-generation immigrant who had come to the United States as a sixteen years old, and his wife who had come as a \"picture bride.\" They raised grapes on three farms that Matsuko's father and his brother had bought. She remembers her father's affection for the family and his dedication to Buddhism, and how busy her mother was raising children. They hired Mexican laborers and operated their business successfully, winning many blue ribbons for their products at state fairs. Matsuko recalls how the family enjoyed going to camping at Yosemite, and how she went to a Japanese school on Saturdays and Sundays, which she found not effective in teaching her Japanese. As for the American school that she attended on weekdays, she recalls how her teachers were prejudiced against the Japanese. When she went to Japan in 1940, she felt her Japanese classmates were biased against Americans like herself. She and other Nisei at her school in Hiroshima spoke in English, making their Japanese classmate believe that the American students were bad-mouthing their Japanese peers. On August 8, 1945, she was injured and lost consciousness after the bombing, but she survived with the help of her Nisei friend that she knew from a sewing school she had attended in Hiroshima. She lost one of her sisters to the bombing, whom her family was able to identify only because of the white nametag she wore. After losing her Japanese husband to the war, Matsuko came back to the United States in 1947, went to a drapery school and worked in Hollywood as a dressmaker, and was remarried to a Nisei who had been a \"no-no-boy\" in Tule Lake and expressed no concern about the fact that Matsuko is a survivor. As a dedicated Buddhist, Matsuko spent her married life focusing on raising family and working at a nursery, and interacted with other US survivors only occasionally. She feels that being attacked by the bomb was like being hit by tsunami; it was shikata ga nai (It couldn't be helped)."},{"id":"970","model":"narrator","index":"23 948/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/970/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/970/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1021-9_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-densho-1021-9_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/970/interviews/"},"display_name":"Paul Satoh","bio":"Born in Osaka, Japan, in 1936, Paul Satoh spent a happy childhood as the only child of a chemist and a homemaker. Satoh's extended family included an uncle who had studied at the University of California, Los Angeles, and his wife, a US-born Nikkei from Hawai'i who occasionally had received a \"care pack from the United States\" that she shared with the Satohs. Although the couple was not affected by the bomb as they were in Tokyo, one of Satoh's other aunts who was in Hiroshima died of radiation sickness. Satoh himself, too, was in Hiroshima as his family's house in Osaka was burned in an air raid early in 1945. Living in his relative's house in Koi, which was about six kilometer from the hypocenter, Satoh remembers hearing a \"real big sound\" at the moment of the explosion. His family decided to take refuge in his grandmother's house in the countryside, and as they walked through Hiroshima, they witnessed people dying on the street from severe burns and injuries. Many years later, his mother died of leukemia, while Satoh himself suffered from thyroid cancer. Immediately after the war, though, Satoh recalled only silence around the bomb, even as many of his classmates passed away because of the delayed radiation effect. He came to the United States in 1960 to study chemistry at Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan. He married a Polish American woman who was his classmate, and experienced racial discrimination in the era when interracial marriages were still illegal in many US states. Satoh also found that his brother-in-law had worked as a maintenance crew for Enola Gay, the airplane that dropped the bomb on Hiroshima. Satoh worked as a chemist in the for-profit sector, and he occasionally lectured at colleges on applied chemistry. Although he was not part of any US survivors' groups, he was interested in issues of nuclear weaponry and bomb victims. He has assisted research for a book written by his acquaintance about US prisoners of war who died of the bomb in Hiroshima in 1945."},{"id":"ddr-densho-446-455","model":"entity","index":"24 949/{'value': 951, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-446-455/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-446-455/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-455-mezzanine-044e79f2bf-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-446/ddr-densho-446-455-mezzanine-044e79f2bf-a.jpg"},"title":"Book of 70th Anniversary of Japanese Congregational Church","description":"The Japanese Congregational Church's 70th Anniversary coincided with the 100th Anniversary of the Japanese Christian Mission in North America. This book traces the history of JCC within the larger setting of national and local events, and some of the photos and narratives may be of interest. Ai Chih Tsai was pastor at JCC from 1948 to 1978. (September 1977)","extent":"8.5W x 11H","links_children":"ddr-densho-446-455","topics":[{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington -- Seattle","id":"293"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Christianity","id":"396"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- California -- Oakland","id":"485"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Illinois -- Chicago","id":"279"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Minnesota -- Minneapolis","id":"495"},{"term":"Geographic communities -- Washington","id":"290"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- YMCA/YWCA","id":"471"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Sansei","id":"338"},{"term":"Education -- Church-run schools","id":"35"},{"term":"World War II -- Temporary Assembly Centers","id":"61"},{"term":"Community activities -- Festivals, celebrations, and holidays","id":"25"},{"term":"Community activities -- Recreational activities -- Picnics","id":"311"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Children","id":"509"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Family","id":"46"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Elders","id":"510"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Issei","id":"43"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Parents","id":"513"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Youth","id":"514"},{"term":"Identity and values -- Women","id":"515"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Picture brides","id":"342"},{"term":"Japan -- Pre-World War II","id":"163"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Journalism and media -- Community publications","id":"26"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Cross-racial relations","id":"38"},{"term":"Reflections on the past","id":"118"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Buddhism","id":"395"},{"term":"Religion and churches -- Religious organizations","id":"397"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Religion","id":"75"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- Returning home","id":"106"},{"term":"World War II -- Leaving camp -- \"Resettlement\"","id":"104"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\")","id":"57"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Japanese American community responses","id":"52"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service","id":"88"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Women's Army Corps/Women's Army Auxiliary Corps","id":"442"},{"term":"World War II -- Non-incarcerated Japanese Americans -- \"Voluntary evacuation\"","id":"56"},{"term":"World War II -- Pearl Harbor and aftermath","id":"48"},{"term":"World War II -- Support from the non-Japanese American community","id":"80"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Education","id":"73"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Funerals","id":"416"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Holidays and festivals","id":"71"},{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Living 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