(This interview was conducted by filmmaker Frank Abe for his 2000 documentary, Conscience and the Constitution, about the World War II resisters of conscience at the Heart Mountain incarceration camp. As a result, the interviews in this collection are typically not life histories, instead primarily focusing on issues surrounding the resistance movement itself.)","extent":"00:43:27","links_children":"ddr-densho-122-17","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":159,"namepart":"Kats Kunitsugu"},{"role":"narrator","oh_id":160,"namepart":"Paul Tsuneishi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Abe"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Frank Chin"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr0052x2n","namepart":"Hirooka, Katsumi"},{"nr_id":"88922/nr011bh2z","namepart":"Tsuneishi, Paul Hiroshi"}],"contributor":"Frank Abe Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"August 22, 1995","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kats Kunitsugu narrator \nPaul Tsuneishi narrator \nFrank Abe interviewer \nFrank Chin interviewer Hirooka, Katsumi 88922nr0052x2n\nTsuneishi, Paul Hiroshi 88922nr011bh2z","download_large":"denshovh-kkats_g-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-janm-4","model":"collection","index":"13 2713/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-janm-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-janm-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-janm-4/ddr-janm-4-1-mezzanine-0545736268-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-janm-4/ddr-janm-4-1-mezzanine-0545736268-a.jpg"},"title":"Tsuyako Kitashima Collection","description":"Various materials from Topaz, Redress, the National Coalition for Redress and Reparations (NCRR), and the Japanese American Citizens' League (JACL) by Tsuyako \"Sox\" Kitashima. Kitashima was born in Hayward, California in 1918. Her and her family were among the 120,000 Japanese Americans forcefully interned in war relocation camps during World War Two. They were first taken to a temporary assembly center in Tanforan, California and then relocated to the Topaz Incarceration Camp in Utah. After the war, Kitashima was on the front line fighting for redress. She became a well-known activist and a spokesperson for the NCRR. With her help, the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was passed which called for the formal apology of the American government to the Japanese Americans as well as compensation of $20,000 for every surviving internee.","extent":"43 objects pertaining to the Topaz Incarceration Camp, Japanese American Redress, the National Coalition for Redress and Reparations, and the Japanese American Citizens' League.","links_children":"ddr-janm-4","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Kitashima, Tsuyako \"Sox\""}],"language":["eng","jpn"],"contributor":"Japanese American National Museum","public":"1","rights":"nocc","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Kitashima, Tsuyako \"Sox\" author","download_large":"ddr-janm-4-1-mezzanine-0545736268-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-97-104","model":"entity","index":"14 2714/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-97-104/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-97-104/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-97/ddr-densho-97-104-mezzanine-19e8c14266-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-97/ddr-densho-97-104-mezzanine-19e8c14266-a.jpg"},"title":"Heart Mountain Sentinel Vol. I No. 6 (November 28, 1942)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Individual Resettlement in Non-Military Areas Stressed at JACL Parley\" (p. 1), \"'Sunrise to Sunset' Privileges for Center Residents Planned. Leaders to be Trained as Guides\" (p. 1), \"Receive Books to Aid Study of Japanese\" (p. 1), \"Locks Not Allowed on Recreation Hall\" (p. 2), \"First Wedding in Center Held on Thanksgiving Day\" (p. 3), \"Vegetable Seeds Wanted\" (p. 6), \"Thermometer Installed at Station\" (p. 8).","extent":"1488W x 2083H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-97-104","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications -- Heart Mountain Sentinel","id":"175"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng","jpn"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"periodical","location":"Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming","facility":[{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"}],"creation":"November 28, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-97-104-mezzanine-19e8c14266-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-14-25","model":"entity","index":"15 2715/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-14-25/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-14-25/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-14/ddr-pc-14-25-mezzanine-5e266af288-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-14/ddr-pc-14-25-mezzanine-5e266af288-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 15 No. 26 (November 26, 1942)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Five-Day Disturbance Ended At Poston; Loyal Nisei Win Praise of Project Director\" (p. 1), \"JACL Will Aid Individual Resettlement of Evacuees\" (p. 1), \"Yasui Appeals Conviction on 'Alien' Charge\" (p. 1), \"No Black Dragon Society in Canada, Report Mounties\" (p. 2), \"Christmas Parties Assured For U.S. Evacuee Children\" (p. 3), \"Tule Lakers To Tabulate WRA Records\" (p. 3), \"No Evidence Of 'Coddling' In Arkansas\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-14-25","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"November 26, 1942","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-14-25-mezzanine-5e266af288-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-17-44","model":"entity","index":"16 2716/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-17-44/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-17-44/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-17/ddr-pc-17-44-mezzanine-69e3b6c8ac-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-17/ddr-pc-17-44-mezzanine-69e3b6c8ac-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 21 No. 18 (November 3, 1945)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Reveal Nisei GIs Served With Allied Units\" (p. 1), \"National JACL Plans to Enter Oyama Case Testing Validity Of California Alien Land Law\" (p. 1), \"WRA Closes Central Utah Camp On Time as Last Group Leaves\" (p. 1), \"Last Evacuee Family at Hunt Refused to Leave Center\" (p. 2), \"U.S. Deportation Program May Start Soon. Survey Will Be Taken Of Segregees at Tule Lake Center\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-17-44","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"November 3, 1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-17-44-mezzanine-69e3b6c8ac-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-18-38","model":"entity","index":"17 2717/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-18-38/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-18-38/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-38-mezzanine-9997aac079-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-18/ddr-pc-18-38-mezzanine-9997aac079-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 23 No. 11 (September 21, 1946)","description":"Selected article titles: \"U.S. Seeks to Preserve Job Gains of Minority Groups. JACL Official Attends Meet On Government Policy Against Discrimination in Employment\" (p. 1), \"Nisei Veterans Enter Hawaiian Political Races\" (p. 1), \"Survey Opinions of Neighbors Who Demanded Ouster of Nisei\" (p. 2), \"New Los Angeles Escheat Case Will Provide Test of State's Anti-Alien Land Legislation\" (p. 3), \"Canadian Evacuee Centers May Continue on Permanent Basis\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-18-38","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"September 21, 1946","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-18-38-mezzanine-9997aac079-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-19-32","model":"entity","index":"18 2718/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-19-32/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-19-32/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-19/ddr-pc-19-32-mezzanine-1193520693-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-19/ddr-pc-19-32-mezzanine-1193520693-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 25 No. 5 (August 9, 1947)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Justice Department Will Halt Deportation of Japanese Until Senate Considers Pending Bill\" (p. 1), \"JACL Official Finds Racial Issue Not Involved in Dispute At Ensher Ranch in Mendota\" (p. 1), \"U.S. Files Suit To Seize Soya Bean Sauce\" (p. 1), \"Oriental American Veterans File Court Suits Against Restrictive Housing Covenants\" (p. 2), \"Federal Official Assures ADC Loyalty Investigation Will Not Discriminate Against Nisei\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-19-32","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"August 9, 1947","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-19-32-mezzanine-1193520693-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-22-4","model":"entity","index":"19 2719/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-22-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-22-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-22/ddr-pc-22-4-mezzanine-f2105b290a-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-22/ddr-pc-22-4-mezzanine-f2105b290a-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 30 No. 4 (January 28, 1950)","description":"Selected article titles: \"46 Japanese Americans Enter Election Campaign in Hawaii For Constitutional Convention\" (p. 1), \"Mike Masaoka Will Advise MGM on 442nd Picture. Saga of Famed Nisei Regiment Will Be Told in Film Proposed For 1951 Release by Studio\" (p. 1), \"Okinawa Visits Now Permitted by U.S. Army\" (p. 2), \"Research Work Undertaken in JACL History Project\" (p. 3), \"Progress in Race Relations Told by California Authority\" (p. 5).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-22-4","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"January 28, 1950","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-22-4-mezzanine-f2105b290a-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-23-47","model":"entity","index":"20 2720/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-23-47/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-23-47/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-47-mezzanine-7e2f24369d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-47-mezzanine-7e2f24369d-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 33 No. 20 (November 24, 1951)","description":"Selected article titles: \"GOP Candidate Backs Issei Citizenship\" (p. 1), \"Judiciary Must Speak Out If Democracy to Survive, Judge Clark Tells JACL\" (p. 1), \"Claim for Evacuation Loss on Interrupted Education Ruled Uncompensable Item\" (p. 2), \"California Agency Reinstates Licenses Revoked in Wartime\" (p. 3), \"Policy of Race Segregation Contradicts American Dream\" (p. 5), \"Report Six Thousand U.S. GIs Will Return Home with War Brides from Japan\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-23-47","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"November 24, 1951","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-23-47-mezzanine-7e2f24369d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-23-30","model":"entity","index":"21 2721/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-23-30/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-23-30/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-30-mezzanine-5e2fe610b9-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-23/ddr-pc-23-30-mezzanine-5e2fe610b9-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 33 No. 3 (July 28, 1951)","description":"Selected article titles: \"JACL ADC Will Ask Senate To Boost Appropriation for Evacuation Claims Division\" (p. 1), \"California Governor Signs Bill Returning Escheat Case Settlement Funds to Nisei\" (p. 1), \"Digest Article Emphasizes Mother of Nisei Soldier Unable to Become Citizen\" (p. 2), \"Kawakita Asks for Rehearing By Federal Court on Appeal Of Conviction for Treason\" (p. 3), \"Standing Ovation Given Nisei at 'Go for Broke!' Premiere\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-23-30","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"July 28, 1951","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-23-30-mezzanine-5e2fe610b9-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-24-12","model":"entity","index":"22 2722/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-24-12/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-24-12/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-12-mezzanine-47285560c3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-12-mezzanine-47285560c3-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 34 No. 12 (March 22, 1952)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Nisei Army Veteran Changes Mind, Will Buy Des Moines Area Home Despite Protests\" (p. 1), \"JACL Joins Fight Against Racist Vandalism in L.A.\" (p. 1), \"Enemy Alien Status of Issei in U.S. Abolished as Senate Ratifies Japan Peace Treaty\" (p. 2), \"Many Nisei Among GIs Wed To Japanese Girls in Rush Ceremonies Before Deadline\" (p. 2), \"First Steps Toward a New Race Relations Program\" (p. 4).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-24-12","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"March 22, 1952","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-24-12-mezzanine-47285560c3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-24-4","model":"entity","index":"23 2723/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-24-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-24-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-4-mezzanine-e53fcd184f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-4-mezzanine-e53fcd184f-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 34 No. 4 (January 26, 1952)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Government Sets Deadline For Compromise Claims. Justice Department Moves To Speed Up Submission of Offers Under New Setup\" (p. 1), \"Early Ratification of Japan Peace Treaty Urged by JACL\" (p. 1), \"House Judiciary Committee Urges Favorable Action on Equality in Naturalization\" (p. 2), \"Tule Lake Renunciant Asks For Restoration of Rights Forfeited in Segregee Camp\" (p. 3), \"Mass Evacuation Should Not Happen Again, Says Paper\" (p. 3).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-24-4","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"January 26, 1952","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-24-4-mezzanine-e53fcd184f-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-24-31","model":"entity","index":"24 2724/{'value': 3101, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-24-31/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-24-31/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-31-mezzanine-16e4e4750f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-24/ddr-pc-24-31-mezzanine-16e4e4750f-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 35 No. 5 (August 2, 1952)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Two Nisei Among Nine Lost When Fishing Boat Explodes Off South California Coast\" (p. 1), \"JACL Groups Will Sponsor Classes to Prepare Issei For American Citizenship\" (p. 1), \"Tule Renunciant Wins Restoration of Citizenship\" (p. 1), \"Nearly 15 Percent of Bills Passed by Congress Aided Persons of Japanese Ancestry\" (p. 3), \"Army Moves to Bring Famed 'Go for Broke' Regiment To Full Strength in Hawaii\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-24-31","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Salt Lake City, Utah","creation":"August 2, 1952","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-24-31-mezzanine-16e4e4750f-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"JACL","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}