(William Toshio Yasutake was interviewed together with his sister Mitsuye (Yasutake) Yamada and surviving brother, Joseph Yasutake, in group sessions on October 8-9, 2002. He was interviewed individually on November 14, 2002.
Before being contacted by Densho, the Yasutake siblings had planned to conduct their own family history interviews. Individually and jointly, they and other family members had written and gathered material documenting their family history. They shared much of this with me to assist with research and preparation for the Densho interview. Mitsuye's daughter Jeni had coordinated much of the family history work. Jeni participated as a secondary interviewer during the group sessions, October 8-9, 2002.The group interview sessions were conducted in Seattle at the home of Tom Ikeda, executive director of Densho. The oldest Yasutake sibling, Reverend Seiichi Michael Yasutake, had passed away less than a year before the Densho interviewing, in December, 2001. The remaining siblings emphasized that his absence left a gap in their discussion of family history. In addition to Jeni Yamada and videographers Dana Hoshide and John Pai, also present during some portions of the group interview were Tom Ikeda, and Mitsuye Yamada's son Kai Yamada.)","extent":"04:04:06","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-138","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":131,"namepart":"Tosh Yasutake"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"November 14, 2002","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Tosh Yasutake narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ytosh-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-130","model":"entity","index":"2 477/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-130/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-130/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kmits-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kmits-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Mits Koshiyama Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born August 7, 1924, in Mountain View, California. Grew up in the Santa Clara Valley, California, working on his family's leased strawberry farm. In June of 1942, he was involuntarily \"evacuated\" to Santa Anita Assembly Center, California, then to Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming. Graduated from high school in camp and at the age of 19, refused induction into the military on the grounds that the incarceration violated his Constitutional rights as an American citizen. Served two years at McNeil Island federal penitentiary, Washington. Later resettled in California and established a flower nursery business with his brother.","extent":"02:18:25","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-130","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":125,"namepart":"Mits Koshiyama"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr015zs24","namepart":"Koshiyama, Mitsuru"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"July 14, 2001","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Mits Koshiyama narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer Koshiyama, Mitsuru 88922nr015zs24","download_large":"denshovh-kmits-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-42","model":"entity","index":"3 478/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-42/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-42/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kakiko-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-kakiko-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Akiko Kurose Interview II","description":"Nisei female. Born February 11, 1925, in Seattle, Washington. During World War II, incarcerated at the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington, and Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho. Longtime civil rights activist, educator, and pacifist.(Mrs. Kurose was undergoing treatment for cancer and required frequent breaks and medication to help her with pain management.)","extent":"01:37:02","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-42","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":48,"namepart":"Akiko Kurose"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006t08b","namepart":"Kato, Akiko"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 2, 1997","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Akiko Kurose narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer Kato, Akiko 88922nr006t08b","download_large":"denshovh-kakiko-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-127","model":"entity","index":"4 479/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-127/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-127/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Peter Irons Interview II","description":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego.","extent":"02:41:34","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-127","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":122,"namepart":"Peter Irons"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 27, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peter Irons narrator \nLorraine Bannai interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ipeter-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-126","model":"entity","index":"5 480/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-126/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-126/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Peter Irons Interview I","description":"White male. Born 1940 in Salem, Massachusetts. Family moved frequently during his childhood due to father's employment. Strongly influenced by parents' values regarding racial tolerance and inclusion, and principles learned through Unitarian Church. While attending Antioch College in Ohio, became involved in political and social activism for civil rights. Joined the youth branch of NAACP, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), and other groups. Active in sit-ins and other demonstrations addressing racial inequality, peace and related issues, eventually becoming a full-time organizer. Worked for the United Autoworkers Union. Resisted the draft, and was indicted by a federal grand jury in 1964. Convicted of failing to report for military service and sentenced to three years in prison. Graduated from Antioch College, 1966. Appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals and lost. Served his sentence in federal institutions in Milan, Michigan, Terre Haute, Indiana, and Danbury, Connecticut. Following release from prison in 1969, attended graduate school at Boston University, obtaining PhD in political science in 1973. Accepted to Harvard Law School. While a law student, researched and filed a writ of error coram nobis with the federal court in which he had been convicted, and as a result had his conviction vacated. (Writ of error coram nobis establishes that the original case was premised on errors of fact withheld from the judge and the defense by the prosecution.) Graduated from Harvard Law School in 1978. Taught undergraduate and law school courses at several schools before joining faculty of the University of California at San Diego. While conducting research at the National Archives and Department of Justice in Washington, D.C. in preparation for writing a book, discovered evidence of governmental misconduct during World War II, which refuted the U.S. government's rationale of \"military necessity\" for the mass incarceration of persons of Japanese ancestry in 1942. Using this evidence, assisted the congressional Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians. Contacted original defendants, initiated formation of legal teams, and was instrumental in filing petitions using the writ of error coram nobis, resulting in the reconsideration of the wartime \"internment cases\": Hirabayashi, Korematsu, and Yasui. Dr. Irons is a professor of political science and director of the Earl Warren Bill of Rights Project at the University of California, San Diego.","extent":"02:21:49","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-126","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":122,"namepart":"Peter Irons"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Lorraine Bannai"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"October 25, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Peter Irons narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nLorraine Bannai interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-ipeter-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-73","model":"entity","index":"6 481/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-73/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-73/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nchizuko-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-nchizuko-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Chizuko Norton Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born July 3, 1924, in Seattle, Washington. Spent prewar childhood in Japan; Bellevue, Washington; and Kirkland, Washington. Incarcerated at Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Returned to Seattle after the war, obtained master's degree from the University of Washington in the field of social work. Founded Seattle's first alternative school program for the Seattle Public Schools and cofounded the Separation and Loss Institute. One of the first Nisei in a biracial marriage. Discusses impact of incarceration on Japanese American health and cultural identity.","extent":"03:00:14","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-73","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":76,"namepart":"Chizuko Norton"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr015zr54","namepart":"Tamaye, Chizuko"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"April 27, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Chizuko Norton narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer Tamaye, Chizuko 88922nr015zr54","download_large":"denshovh-nchizuko-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-89","model":"entity","index":"7 482/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-89/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-89/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-trae-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-trae-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Rae Takekawa Interview","description":"Sansei female. Born August 27, 1927, in Bellevue, Washington. Raised on the family farm in Bellevue, Washington, prior to World War II. Was incarcerated at the Pinedale Assembly Center, California, and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. Was released early to harvest sugar beets in Chinook, Montana. At the onset of World War II, her father was picked up by the FBI, detained by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) in Seattle, and then incarcerated at the Department of Justice camp at Fort Missoula, Montana.","extent":"02:14:32","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-89","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":89,"namepart":"Rae Takekawa"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr010hw3c","namepart":"Matsuoka, Rae"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Vancouver, Washington","creation":"May 8, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Rae Takekawa narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer Matsuoka, Rae 88922nr010hw3c","download_large":"denshovh-trae-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-140","model":"entity","index":"8 483/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-140/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-140/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-fmitsu-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-fmitsu-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Mitsu Fukui Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born September 21, 1911, in Seattle, Washington. Had a younger sister and three younger brothers. Father, Riichiro Fukano, employed by Oriental Trading Company as a bookkeeper in Seattle, before operating a dry cleaning business. Mother, Kiyono (Miyama) Fukano, a seamstress. Learned dressmaking from mother, and helped in the shop. Family lived upstairs above the shop, in a neighborhood with few Japanese American families. Paternal grandfather and grandmother joined the household and lived with them for eleven years before returning to Japan. Father served many years as secretary of the Japanese Chamber of Commerce. Mother served as president of Buddhist Women's Association. Graduated from Lincoln High School in 1930, attended University of Washington one year, and attended school in Japan one year. While living in Fukuoka Ken, served as interpreter for Charles Lindbergh, Yasha Heifetz, and other notable visitors. Married William Owari Fukui, an Issei, in 1936. Husband also in dry cleaning business. Son born 1939. Moved back to parents' house, along with her husband and son, in order to be together with her mother and brothers, when incarcerated in Puyallup Assembly Center in May, 1942. Father had been picked up earlier by FBI, after December 7, 1941, detained and interned separately. Incarcerated in Minidoka concentration camp. Son attended nursery school in Minidoka while she and husband worked. Released on indefinite leave in 1944 with husband and son, to relocate in Detroit, MI. Car vandalized and burglarized in Minidoka camp, during their drive back to Seattle in 1945. Protested lack of assistance from Minidoka concentration camp staff. With husband, started another dry cleaning business in Seattle, overcoming discrimination in financing. Retired from dry cleaning business. Did volunteer work for Children's Hospital in Seattle for over 30 years and provided home care for two and a half years for her husband who suffered from a severe stroke. After his death, she provided volunteer services at Seattle Keiro for six and a half years.","extent":"03:11:34","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-140","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":133,"namepart":"Mitsu Fukui"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"nr_id":"88922/nr006n532","namepart":"Fukui, Mitsu"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 18 & 19, 2002","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Mitsu Fukui narrator \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer Fukui, Mitsu 88922nr006n532","download_large":"denshovh-fmitsu-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-19","model":"entity","index":"9 484/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-19/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-19/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview III","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:21:56","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-19","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 5, 1999","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-03-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-20","model":"entity","index":"10 485/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-20/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-20/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview IV","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:49:44","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-20","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"February 17, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-04-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-115","model":"entity","index":"11 486/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-115/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-115/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview V","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"01:55:10","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-115","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 4, 2000","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-05-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-18","model":"entity","index":"12 487/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-18/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-18/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg"},"title":"Gordon Hirabayashi Interview II","description":"Nisei male. Born April 23, 1918, in Seattle, Washington. Spent most of his childhood in Thomas, Washington, where his parents were part of a Christian farming co-op. Attended the University of Washington where he was active in the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA), the conscientious objector movement, and became a Quaker. At the outbreak of World War II, he was one of only a handful of individuals to challenge the curfew and removal orders being enforced against Japanese on the West Coast, citing \"Christian principles,\" and asserting \"a duty to maintain the democratic standards for which this nation lives.\" He turned himself in to the FBI, was found guilty, and served time for violating the curfew order, and failing to report for \"evacuation.\" While serving time for this conviction, Gordon was served with a draft notice and again, refused to comply. He subsequently served another period of time as a draft resister. In 1983, a team of attorneys filed a petition for writ of error coram nobis in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington in Seattle. Gordon's convictions surrounding the incarceration were vacated by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals on September 24, 1987, which argued in part that, \"racial bias was the cornerstone of the internment orders.\"","extent":"02:31:45","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-18","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":19,"namepart":"Gordon Hirabayashi"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Alice Ito"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"John Pai"}],"topics":[{"term":"Identity and values -- Nisei","id":"44"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Supreme Court cases -- Gordon Hirabayashi","id":"97"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"May 25, 1999","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Gordon Hirabayashi narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nAlice Ito interviewer \nJohn Pai videographer","download_large":"denshovh-hgordon-02-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-23-43","model":"segment","index":"13 488/{'value': 3003, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-23-43/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-23-43/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-htokio_g-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-htokio_g-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Tokio Hirotaka - 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