\r\nThe Civil Liberties Act of 1988 was enacted to redress the wrongs committed by the U.S. government against Japanese Americans during World War II. The act called for a formal, written apology from the president and $20,000 in compensation to each surviving camp inmate. The recommendations were made by the government-appointed Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians.","extent":"2660W x 1886H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-10-6","topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Impact of redress movement","id":"116"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Matsunaga, Spark"},{"namepart":"Mineta, Norman"},{"namepart":"Saiki, Patsy"},{"namepart":"Wilson, Pete"},{"namepart":"Young, Don"},{"namepart":"Matsui, Robert"},{"namepart":"Lowery, Bill"},{"namepart":"Kajihara, Harry"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"August 10, 1988","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Matsunaga, Spark \nMineta, Norman \nSaiki, Patsy \nWilson, Pete \nYoung, Don \nMatsui, Robert \nLowery, Bill \nKajihara, Harry","download_large":"ddr-densho-10-6-mezzanine-35d71418ab-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-2-986","model":"entity","index":"13 1338/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-2-986/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-2-986/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-2/ddr-njpa-2-986-mezzanine-805571a501-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-2/ddr-njpa-2-986-mezzanine-805571a501-a.jpg"},"title":"Farrant L. 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Judd.--(Hawaii Times photo by Don Nagano).\"","extent":"6.5W x 3.25H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-2-986","creators":[{"role":"photographer","namepart":"Nagano, Don"},{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Hawaii Times"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Walton, R.C."},{"namepart":"Murray, Stuart S."},{"namepart":"Clarkson, Percy"},{"namepart":"Turner, Mrs."},{"namepart":"Fielder, Kendal"},{"namepart":"Turner, Farrant L."},{"namepart":"Bruggemen, Vern"},{"namepart":"May, Roy A."},{"namepart":"Moro, Domenico"},{"namepart":"Wilson, John H."},{"namepart":"Hunter, Jeffrey"},{"namepart":"Judd, Henry P."}],"contributor":"Hawaii Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Sand Island, Hawai'i","creation":"c. 1950s","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nagano, Don photographer \nHawaii Times publisher Walton, R.C. \nMurray, Stuart S. \nClarkson, Percy \nTurner, Mrs. \nFielder, Kendal \nTurner, Farrant L. \nBruggemen, Vern \nMay, Roy A. \nMoro, Domenico \nWilson, John H. \nHunter, Jeffrey \nJudd, Henry P.","download_large":"ddr-njpa-2-986-mezzanine-805571a501-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-1-975","model":"entity","index":"14 1339/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-1-975/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-1-975/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-1/ddr-njpa-1-975-mezzanine-e071dab940-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-1/ddr-njpa-1-975-mezzanine-e071dab940-a.jpg"},"title":"George C. Marshall and Katherine Boyce Tupper Marshall arriving in Hawai'i","description":"Caption on reverse: \"Marshalls greeted by local Red Cross workers: Gen. George C. Marshall, president of the American Red Cross and a director of the Pan American World Airways, and Mrs. Marshall (shown with leis) were greeted by local Red Cross workers upon their arrival Tuesday from Los Angeles with top PAA executives for a four-day visit here. Above, left to right are: Mrs. Hoon, Chun, Chinese worker; Mrs. David Katsuki, Red Cross nursing service volunteer; Slater Miller, local Red Cross fund campaign chairman; Mrs. Marshall; Alfred L. Castle, former chairman of the Hawaii Chapter, American Red Cross; Gen. Marshall; Mrs. Ollie J. Boggan, representing the Grey Ladies, and Mrs. Phillip Maxwell, Red Cross staff.-(Hawaii Times photo).\"","extent":"6.25W x 4.5H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-1-975","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Hawaii Times"}],"format":"img","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Marshall, George C."},{"namepart":"Marshall, Katherine Boyce Tupper"},{"namepart":"Hoon, Mrs. Chun"},{"namepart":"Katsuki, Mrs. David"},{"namepart":"Miller, Slater"},{"namepart":"Castle, Alfred L."},{"namepart":"Boggan, Mrs. Ollie J."},{"namepart":"Maxwell, Mrs. Phillip"}],"contributor":"Hawai'i Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"photograph","location":"Honolulu, Hawai'i","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Hawaii Times publisher Marshall, George C. \nMarshall, Katherine Boyce Tupper \nHoon, Mrs. Chun \nKatsuki, Mrs. David \nMiller, Slater \nCastle, Alfred L. \nBoggan, Mrs. Ollie J. \nMaxwell, Mrs. Phillip","download_large":"ddr-njpa-1-975-mezzanine-e071dab940-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-one-7-30","model":"entity","index":"15 1340/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-one-7-30/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-one-7-30/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-one-7/denshovh-tamy-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-one-7/denshovh-tamy-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Amy Tsugawa Interview","description":"Nisei female. Born and raised in Hawaii. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, father was arrested by the FBI. The rest of the family was removed to the Jerome concentration camp, Arkansas, and the Gila River concentration camp, Arizona, to be reunited with father. After leaving camp, moved with family to Japan before eventually returning to Hawaii and then moving to Portland, Oregon.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"01:30:42","links_children":"ddr-one-7-30","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":697,"namepart":"Amy Tsugawa"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Dane Fujimoto"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Tim Rooney"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Japanese American Museum of Oregon Collection","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","creation":"September 3, 2004","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Amy Tsugawa narrator \nDane Fujimoto interviewer \nTim Rooney videographer","download_large":"denshovh-tamy-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-318","model":"entity","index":"16 1341/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-318/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-318/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mtoshio-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mtoshio-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Toshio Moritsugu Interview","description":"Nisei male. Born April 2, 1925, in Heeia, Hawaii. Grew up in a village called Fish Camp, where father was a fisherman. Witnessed Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Father was picked up and detained by the FBI at the Sand Island internment camp, Hawaii. After the war, earned a PhD in chemistry and established a career with the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association.
(This material is based upon work assisted by a grant from the Department of the Interior, National Park Service. Any opinions, finding, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Department of the Interior.)","extent":"02:43:13","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-318","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":548,"namepart":"Toshio Moritsugu"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Dana Hoshide"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Honolulu, Hawaii","creation":"March 2, 2011","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Toshio Moritsugu narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nDana Hoshide videographer","download_large":"denshovh-mtoshio-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-1000-46","model":"entity","index":"17 1342/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-1000-46/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-1000-46/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mfred-01-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-1000/denshovh-mfred-01-a.jpg"},"title":"Fred Matsumura Interview","description":"Nisei male, born April 14, 1923, on the Island of Molokai, Hawaii. Volunteered for military service after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Unit as a Sergeant and Assistant Squad Leader. Later, he and three others in his unit had their rank reduced to Private after being court-martialed for alleged involvement in a fight with an army military police officer (MP).
(This interview was conducted at the 1998 Americans of Japanese Ancestry Veterans National Convention, held in Honolulu, Hawaii. Given the full conference schedule, interviews conducted at the reunion were shorter in length than typical Densho interviews. Beverly Kashino, one of the interviewers, is Shiro and Louise Kashino's daughter.)","extent":"01:32:40","links_children":"ddr-densho-1000-46","creators":[{"role":"narrator","oh_id":54,"namepart":"Fred Matsumura"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Tom Ikeda"},{"role":"interviewer","namepart":"Beverly Kashino"},{"role":"videographer","namepart":"Matt Emery"}],"format":"vh","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"cc","genre":"interview","location":"Honolulu, Hawaii","creation":"July 2, 1998","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fred Matsumura narrator \nTom Ikeda interviewer \nBeverly Kashino interviewer \nMatt Emery videographer","download_large":"denshovh-mfred-01-a.jpg"},{"id":"645","model":"narrator","index":"18 1343/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/645/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/645/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ymaurice.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ymaurice.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/645/interviews/"},"display_name":"Maurice H. Yamasato","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 2, 1942, in Lima, Peru. Parents had originally immigrated to Peru from Okinawa, Japan. During World War II, removed with family to Crystal City internment camp, Texas. After leaving Crystal City, moved to Kauai, Hawaii. Established a successful career as an architect."},{"id":"743","model":"narrator","index":"19 1344/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/743/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/743/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/narthur.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/narthur.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/743/interviews/"},"display_name":"Arthur Nishimoto","bio":"Nisei male. Born August 28, 1923, in Honolulu, Hawaii. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, volunteered for the army and served in Europe with the 442nd Regimental Combat Team. After discharge, was called back to active duty and served with the U.S. Counterintelligence Corps in Japan."},{"id":"ddr-densho-148-146","model":"entity","index":"20 1345/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-148-146/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-148-146/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-148/ddr-densho-148-146-mezzanine-7a50233b5d-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-148/ddr-densho-148-146-mezzanine-7a50233b5d-a.jpg"},"title":"Rocky Shimpo Vol. 12, No. 57 (May 11, 1945)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Casualties Told\"; \"Monterey Action Hit\"; \"Golden State Perturbed\"; \"Demand Protection\"; \"Information Session\"; \"Sgt. Kuroki in Hawaii\"; \"Philadelphia Steering Committee Holds Forum\"; \"Service to be Held for Late Pfc. Masami Inatsu\"; \"Post-war Future Eyed\"; \"California 'Friendly Centers' Opened by Provisional Conference of Church\"; \"Delegates' Meat Problem is Solved\"; \"Condemned Vandals.\"","extent":"1630W x 2181H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-148-146","format":"doc","language":["eng","jpn"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"periodical","creation":"May 11, 1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-148-146-mezzanine-7a50233b5d-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-97-555","model":"entity","index":"21 1346/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-97-555/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-97-555/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-97/ddr-densho-97-555-mezzanine-9377eb00c7-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-97/ddr-densho-97-555-mezzanine-9377eb00c7-a.jpg"},"title":"Heart Mountain Coordinator's Bulletin No. 10 (January 26, 1945)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Eastern and Southern Restrictions\" (p. 1), \"Further Clarification of Policy on Visit\" (p. 1), \"Status of Discharged Soldiers and Paroled Aliens\" (p. 2), \"Proper Use of Depot Passes\" (p. 2), \"Revision of Regulations on Contraband\" (p. 2), \"Welfare Assistance to Aliens\" (p. 2), \"Travel Grants for Hawaii\" (p. 2).","extent":"1076W x 1640H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-97-555","topics":[{"term":"World War II -- Concentration camps -- Publications -- Heart Mountain Sentinel","id":"175"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"periodical","location":"Heart Mountain concentration camp, Wyoming","facility":[{"term":"Heart Mountain","id":"5"}],"creation":"January 26, 1945","status":"completed","search_hidden":"","download_large":"ddr-densho-97-555-mezzanine-9377eb00c7-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-njpa-5-120","model":"entity","index":"22 1347/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-njpa-5-120/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-njpa-5-120/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-njpa-5/ddr-njpa-5-120-mezzanine-5a54768b25-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-njpa-5/ddr-njpa-5-120-mezzanine-5a54768b25-a.jpg"},"title":"Article about Kazuhisa Abe","description":"Translation of article: Kazuhisa Abe is appointed as Kohala District Judge. He graduated from the Hilo branch of the University of Michigan. He was appointed by Judge James L. Coke, Chief Justice of the Hawaii Supreme Court. Mr. Abe is the third Japanese American judge after Mr. Okino Tomekichi and Mr. Monde Tamao.","extent":"4W x 4H","links_children":"ddr-njpa-5-120","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Nippu Jiji"}],"format":"doc","language":["jpn"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Abe, Kazuhisa"}],"contributor":"Hawai'i Times Photo Archives Foundation","rights":"pcc","genre":"clipping","location":"Hilo, Hawai'i","creation":"7/7/1940","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Nippu Jiji publisher Abe, Kazuhisa","download_large":"ddr-njpa-5-120-mezzanine-5a54768b25-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-26-4","model":"entity","index":"23 1348/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-26-4/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-26-4/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-26/ddr-pc-26-4-mezzanine-d02ea48f22-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-26/ddr-pc-26-4-mezzanine-d02ea48f22-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 38 No. 4 (January 22, 1954)","description":"Selected article titles: \"Senate committee joins Hawaii Alaska statehood bills together\" (p. 1), \"Runaway bus careens down main street for three miles, Nisei driver at wheel\" (p. 1), \"First Nisei appointed to work in congressional capacity, Indiana-born woman secretary to Rep. O'Hara of Illinois\" (p. 3), \"Citizenship for U.S. Indians\" (p. 8).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-26-4","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"January 22, 1954","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-26-4-mezzanine-d02ea48f22-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-pc-27-19","model":"entity","index":"24 1349/{'value': 2008, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-pc-27-19/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-pc-27-19/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-pc-27/ddr-pc-27-19-mezzanine-3d0c8e31aa-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-pc-27/ddr-pc-27-19-mezzanine-3d0c8e31aa-a.jpg"},"title":"The Pacific Citizen, Vol. 40 No. 19 (May 13, 1955)","description":"Selected article titles: \"JACL to press efforts for Hawaii statehood\" (p. 1), \"Publishing company reports book maligning Issei, Nisei out of print\" (p. 1), \"Opinion rendered on Utah marriage law for white & part-Japanese couple\" (p. 3), \"Japan interest in refugee relief, orphan adoption high, Ishimaru reports to San Francisco Committee\" (p. 5).","extent":"Pacific Citizen","links_children":"ddr-pc-27-19","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"The Japanese American Citizens League"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Pacific Citizen","rights":"cc","genre":"periodical","location":"Los Angeles, California","creation":"May 13, 1955","status":"completed","search_hidden":"The Japanese American Citizens League publisher","download_large":"ddr-pc-27-19-mezzanine-3d0c8e31aa-a.jpg"}],"query":{"query":{"query_string":{"query":"Hawaii","fields":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"],"analyze_wildcard":false,"allow_leading_wildcard":false,"default_operator":"AND"}},"aggs":{"facility":{"nested":{"path":"facility"},"aggs":{"facility_ids":{"terms":{"field":"facility.id","size":1000}}}},"format":{"terms":{"field":"format"}},"genre":{"terms":{"field":"genre"}},"rights":{"terms":{"field":"rights"}},"topics":{"nested":{"path":"topics"},"aggs":{"topics_ids":{"terms":{"field":"topics.id","size":1000}}}}},"_source":["id","model","links_html","links_json","links_img","links_thumb","links_children","status","public","title","description","contributor","creators","creators.namepart","facility","format","genre","geography","label","language","creation","location","persons","rights","topics","image_url","display_name","bio","extent","search_hidden"]}}