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Raised on a farm in Lawndale, California. Following the bombing of Pearl Harbor, his father was picked up by FBI and detained at a Department of Justice (DOJ) internment camp in Lordsburg, New Mexico. His family voluntarily moved to Visalia, California, then was forcibly moved to Poston concentration camp, Arizona. Sent to Tule Lake concentration camp, California, as a result of answering \"no-no\" on the so-called \"loyalty questions.\" He renounced his U.S. citizenship in protest of the incarceration, and was transferred to the DOJ's Santa Fe internment camp, then to an Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) camp in Crystal City, Texas. After his release from Crystal City, he resettled in California. Mr. Nishimura regained his U.S. citizenship in 1953."},{"id":"124","model":"narrator","index":"3 803/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/124/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/124/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/124/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Hosokawa","bio":"Nisei male. Born in Seattle on January 30, 1915, and attended Washington grade school, Garfield High School and the University of Washington. He grew up as a typical Nisei, working summers in Alaska salmon canneries and Western Avenue produce brokerages to pay for his education. He became interested in writing at Garfield where he was sports editor of the school paper. While attending the University he worked at the weekly Japanese American Courier published by the late Jimmie Sakamoto. A faculty adviser at the University urged Hosokawa to drop out of the journalism school \"because no newspaper in the country would hire a Japanese boy.\" Hosokawa rejected the advice, but when he graduated in 1937 he found the professor was right. After working as a male secretary writing letters, Hosokawa and his bride, the former Alice Miyake of Portland, Oregon, went to Singapore in 1938 to help launch an English language daily. A year and a half later Hosokawa moved to Shanghai to work on an American-owned monthly magazine, the Far Eastern Review. Then, sensing the inevitability of war, he returned to Seattle in 1941 just five weeks before the attack on Pearl Harbor. When war came, Hosokawa served as executive director of Seattle JACL's Emergency Defense Council helping people in the community to cope. He and his family were removed to the Puyallup Assembly Center, Washington. When other Seattleites were moved to Minidoka concentration camp, Idaho, Hosokawa and his wife and infant son were sent to Heart Mountain, Wyoming. Later, he learned he had been separated from his Seattle friends because he was considered a potential troublemaker. He was in Heart Mountain for 14 months, working as editor of the camp newspaper, the Heart Mountain Sentinel, before being released to join the Des Moines, Iowa Register in 1943. In 1946 he moved to Denver to work on the Denver Post. In 38 years at The Post he held such assignments as executive news editor, assistant managing editor and Sunday editor. He covered the Japanese peace treaty in San Francisco in 1951, the Summit meeting in Paris in 1960 and the Zengakuren student riots in Japan that same year. He also had assignments as war correspondent in Korea and Vietnam, and for 17 years was editor of Empire, the Post's prize-winning Sunday magazine. For his last seven years at the Post Hosokawa was editor of the editorial page -- a Japanese American imprisoned during World War II as a potential security risk who now directed the opinion section of a major American newspaper. After retiring from the Post in 1984 he served the Rocky Mountain News as ombudsman columnist for seven years. Hosokawa has taught journalism classes at the University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado and University of Wyoming. He wrote a weekly comment column called \"From the Frying Pan\" in JACL's weekly Pacific Citizen from 1942 until 1999. Among other honors, Hosokawa is a former president of the American Association of Sunday and Feature Editors and a member of that organization's Hall of Fame, a charter member of the Denver Press Club Hall of Fame. He was named JACL's Nisei of the Biennium in 1958, and has published 12 books. Hosokawa and his wife Alice, who died in 1998, had four children."},{"id":"91","model":"narrator","index":"4 804/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/91/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/91/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tbill.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tbill.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/91/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Thompson","bio":"Nisei male of Japanese and Scottish descent. Born in Hilo, Hawaii, 1924. Volunteered and served in the all Japanese American 442nd Regimental Combat Team, Headquarter's Company, Second Battalion's Anti-tank Platoon. Returned to Hawaii following the war where he attended the University of Hawaii, and later worked for the municipal government. Active in the 442nd Veterans Club in Hawaii."},{"id":"202","model":"narrator","index":"5 805/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/202/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/202/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bbill.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/bbill.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/202/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Braye","bio":"Male of Spanish and Irish descent. Born March 31, 1917, in Santa Monica, California. Moved to Salinas, California, as a teenager, and enlisted in the military. Stationed in the Philippines when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, and was captured by the Japanese military. Forced on the infamous Bataan Death March in 1942 and held as a prisoner of war until 1945, when he was released and returned to the United States."},{"id":"213","model":"narrator","index":"6 806/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/213/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/213/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/213/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Hashizume","bio":"Nisei male. Born June 22, 1922, in Mission, British Columbia, Canada. Grew up in Mission before moving to Japan with mother and sisters at age sixteen. Attended high school and college in Japan and enlisted in the Japanese navy in 1944. Worked in Japan for several years following World War II, then returned to Canada, choosing to live in Toronto, Ontario. Author of Japanese Community in Mission: A Brief History 1904-1942."},{"id":"282","model":"narrator","index":"7 807/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/282/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/282/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tbill_2.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/tbill_2.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/282/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Takemoto","bio":"Nisei male. Born September 9, 1928, on Bainbridge Island, Washington. During World War II, removed to the Manzanar concentration camp, California. After the war, joined the Air Force and eventually returned to Bainbridge Island."},{"id":"398","model":"narrator","index":"8 808/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/398/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/398/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill_3.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/hbill_3.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/398/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Hirabayashi","bio":"Nisei male. Born September 12, 1923, in Thomas, Washington. Grew up in small town of Thomas, where family was part of the White River Valley farming corporation. During World War II, removed to the Pinedale Assembly Center and Tule Lake concentration camp, California. After leaving camp, moved to Chicago and managed a large estate farm. Eventually became established in the automotive service industry in Minneapolis, Minnesota."},{"id":"641","model":"narrator","index":"9 809/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/641/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/641/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/wbill.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/wbill.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/641/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Watanabe","bio":"Nisei male. Born January 5, 1944, in the Manzanar concentration camp, California. After World War II, left camp with family for the Los Angeles area, where parents had lived before the war. Established a career as an engineer. Active in the Little Tokyo Service Center."},{"id":"1037","model":"narrator","index":"10 810/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/narrators/1037/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1037/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-sjacl-2-39_narr.jpg","thumb":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/narrators/ddr-sjacl-2-39_narr.jpg","interviews":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/narrator/1037/interviews/"},"display_name":"Bill Tashima","bio":"In this interview, Ana Tanaka led a conversation with Bill Tashima. Bill spoke of his growing up in Cleveland, Ohio, his early involvement with JACL as a youth participant, and his coming to the Pacific Northwest in the 1980's. Bill has extensive experience with Seattle JACL's advocacy, community outreach, civil rights and for ensuring the continuation of JACL's scholarships supporting the next generations of Japanese American leaders. He is well known as a Japanese American leader, twice Seattle JACL president, and member of the LGBTQIA+ community, whose intersectionality of identities shaped him as the individual and activist he is today. As an example was a key moment when he spoke out and shared experiences in the 2003 JACL National Convention speaking in support regarding a resolution protesting the Boy Scouts decision to exclude gay scouts. A key part of Bill's work has been his efforts on the preservation of Seattle JACL's heritage with his leadership of the Legacy Project, of which this recording is a part of."},{"id":"ddr-densho-229-259","model":"entity","index":"11 811/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-259/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-229-259/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-259-mezzanine-9a6fa3460f-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-259-mezzanine-9a6fa3460f-a.jpg"},"title":"The Northwest Times Vol. 4 No. 101 (December 20, 1950)","description":"\"Sen. Russell Objects to Walter Bill\" (p. 1), \"Three Courses on Far East Offered by U.W.\" (p. 1), \"Senate Receives Walter Measure\" (p. 4).","extent":"16W x 22H","links_children":"ddr-densho-229-259","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Fukei, Budd"}],"topics":[{"term":"Education -- Higher education","id":"34"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Naturalization","id":"176"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"December 20, 1950","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fukei, Budd publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-229-259-mezzanine-9a6fa3460f-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-347","model":"entity","index":"12 812/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-347/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-347/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-347-mezzanine-64934c1169-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-347-mezzanine-64934c1169-a.jpg"},"title":"Statement of Sala Burton","description":"Written statement of Congresswoman Sala Burton. This statement was submitted for the hearings on House of Representatives Bill H.R. 4110 in June of 1984.","extent":"2496W x 3271H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-347","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Burton, Sala"}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Lobbying and implementation of findings and recommendations -- H.R. 4110","id":"219"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Burton, Sala"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"Jun-84","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Burton, Sala author Burton, Sala","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-347-mezzanine-64934c1169-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-348","model":"entity","index":"13 813/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-348/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-348/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-348-mezzanine-8d5108ea8a-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-348-mezzanine-8d5108ea8a-a.jpg"},"title":"Statement of Robert T. Matsui","description":"Written statement of Robert T. Matsui. This statement was submitted for the hearings on House of Representatives Bill H.R. 4110 in June of 1984.","extent":"2436W x 3223H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-348","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Matsui, Robert T."}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Lobbying and implementation of findings and recommendations -- H.R. 4110","id":"219"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Matsui, Robert T."}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"Jun-84","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Matsui, Robert T. author Matsui, Robert T.","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-348-mezzanine-8d5108ea8a-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-349","model":"entity","index":"14 814/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-349/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-349/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-349-mezzanine-80fce0bb6b-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-349-mezzanine-80fce0bb6b-a.jpg"},"title":"Statement of Norman Y. Mineta","description":"Written statement of Norman Y. Mineta. This statement was submitted for the hearings on House of Representatives Bill H.R. 4110 in June of 1984.","extent":"2364W x 3123H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-349","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Mineta, Norman Y."}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Lobbying and implementation of findings and recommendations -- H.R. 4110","id":"219"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Mineta, Norman Y."}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"Jun-84","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Mineta, Norman Y. author Mineta, Norman Y.","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-349-mezzanine-80fce0bb6b-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-229-238","model":"entity","index":"15 815/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-238/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-229-238/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-238-mezzanine-e95ffca4b3-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-238-mezzanine-e95ffca4b3-a.jpg"},"title":"The Northwest Times Vol. 4 No. 69 (August 26, 1950)","description":"\"President Truman Signs New Soldier Brides Legislation\" (p. 1), \"Exactly Who Will be Affected by Bill is Learned by JACL ADC Office\" (p. 1).","extent":"16W x 22H","links_children":"ddr-densho-229-238","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Fukei, Budd"}],"topics":[{"term":"Military service -- Postwar occupation of Japan","id":"199"},{"term":"Community activities -- Associations and organizations -- The Japanese American Citizens League","id":"20"},{"term":"Immigration and citizenship -- Law and legislation -- Discriminatory laws","id":"177"},{"term":"Japan -- Post-World War II","id":"165"},{"term":"Race and racism -- Cross-racial relations","id":"38"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"August 26, 1950","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fukei, Budd publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-229-238-mezzanine-e95ffca4b3-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-229-2","model":"entity","index":"16 816/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-229-2/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-229-2/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-2-mezzanine-4445eec32a-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-229/ddr-densho-229-2-mezzanine-4445eec32a-a.jpg"},"title":"The Northwest Times Vol. 1 No. 3 (January 10, 1947)","description":"\"U.S. Court Hears Status of 5,500 Nisei\" (p. 1), \"Seeks Passage of Claims Bill\" (p. 1), \"M.I.S. Grads Total 2,675 in Monterey\" (p. 1).","extent":"17.5W x 22.5H","links_children":"ddr-densho-229-2","creators":[{"role":"publisher","namepart":"Fukei, Budd"}],"topics":[{"term":"Immigration and citizenship","id":"1"},{"term":"Redress and reparations","id":"110"},{"term":"World War II -- Economic losses","id":"59"},{"term":"World War II -- Mass removal (\"evacuation\") -- Aftermath","id":"191"},{"term":"World War II -- Military service -- Military Intelligence Service","id":"91"},{"term":"World War II -- Resistance and dissidence -- Renunciation of citizenship","id":"87"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"nocc","genre":"periodical","location":"Seattle, Washington","creation":"January 10, 1947","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Fukei, Budd publisher","download_large":"ddr-densho-229-2-mezzanine-4445eec32a-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-350","model":"entity","index":"17 817/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-350/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-350/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-350-mezzanine-07e6e8f29b-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-350-mezzanine-07e6e8f29b-a.jpg"},"title":"Statement of Mike Lowry","description":"Written statement of Congressman Mike Lowry. This statement was submitted for the hearings on House of Representatives Bill H.R. 4110 in June of 1984.","extent":"2476W x 3167H (pixels)","links_children":"ddr-densho-67-350","creators":[{"role":"author","namepart":"Lowry, Mike"}],"topics":[{"term":"Redress and reparations -- Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (CWRIC) -- Lobbying and implementation of findings and recommendations -- H.R. 4110","id":"219"}],"format":"doc","language":["eng"],"persons":[{"namepart":"Lowry, Mike"}],"contributor":"Densho","rights":"pdm","genre":"misc_document","location":"Washington, D.C.","creation":"Jun-84","status":"completed","search_hidden":"Lowry, Mike author Lowry, Mike","download_large":"ddr-densho-67-350-mezzanine-07e6e8f29b-a.jpg"},{"id":"ddr-densho-67-342","model":"entity","index":"18 818/{'value': 2906, 'relation': 'eq'}","links":{"html":"https://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-67-342/","json":"https://ddr.densho.org/api/0.2/ddr-densho-67-342/","img":"https://ddr.densho.org/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-342-mezzanine-1772b60415-a.jpg","thumb":"http://ddrmedia.local/media/ddr-densho-67/ddr-densho-67-342-mezzanine-1772b60415-a.jpg"},"title":"Statement of John J. 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